Gas and Bloat in Female Patients after Anti-Reflux Procedures: Analysis of 934 Cases

Christopher J Zimmermann; Kristine Kuchta; Julia R Amundson; Vanessa N VanDruff; Stephanie Joseph; Simon Che; H Mason Hedberg; Michael B Ujiki

doi:10.1097/XCS.0000000000001102

Gas and Bloat in Female Patients after Anti-Reflux Procedures: Analysis of 934 Cases

J Am Coll Surg. 2024 Apr 26. doi: 10.1097/XCS.0000000000001102. Online ahead of print.

Authors

Christopher J Zimmermann¹, Kristine Kuchta¹, Julia R Amundson², Vanessa N VanDruff², Stephanie Joseph¹, Simon Che¹, H Mason Hedberg¹, Michael B Ujiki¹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL.
² Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL.

PMID: 38666653
DOI: 10.1097/XCS.0000000000001102

Abstract

Background: Anti-reflux procedures (ARPs) are effective treatments for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). However, variation in objective and patient reported outcomes persists. Limited evidence and anecdotal experience suggest that patient sex may play a role. The objective of this study was to compare outcomes after ARPs between male and female patients.

Study design: We performed a retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database at a single institution. All patients who underwent an ARP for GERD were included. Demographic, clinical, and patient reported outcomes data (GERD-Health Related Quality of Life, Reflux Symptom Index), as well as radiographic hernia recurrence were collected and stratified by sex. Uni- and multivariable logistic and mixed effects linear regression were used to control for confounding effects.

Results: Between 2009 and 2022, 934 patients (291 males, 643 females) underwent an ARP. Reflux Symptom Index, GERD-HRQL, and gas/bloat scores improved uniformly for both sexes, though female patients were more likely to have higher gas/bloat scores one year post-procedure (mean ± SD 1.7 ± 1.4 vs 1.4 ± 1.3, p=0.03) and higher GERD-HRQL scores two years post-procedure (6.3 ± 8.1 vs 4.7 ± 6.8, p=0.04). Higher gas/bloat scores in females persisted on regression controlling for confounders. Hernia recurrence rates were low (85 patients, 9%) and were similar for both sexes. A final intraprocedural DI ≥3mm 2/mmHg was significantly associated with a 7 times higher rate of recurrence (95% CI 1.62-31.22, p=0.01).

Conclusions: While patients of either sex experience symptom improvement and low rates of recurrence after ARPs, females are more likely to endorse gas/bloat compared to males. Final distensibility ≥3mm 2/mmHg carries a high risk of recurrence. These results may augment how physicians prognosticate during consultations and tailor their treatments in patients with GERD.