Breast cancer (BC) heterogeneity is a key trait of BC tumors with crucial implications on tumorigenesis, diagnosis, and therapeutic modalities. It is influenced by tumor intrinsic features and by the tumor microenvironment (TME) composition of different intra-tumoral regions, which in turn affect cancer progression within patients. In this mini review, we will highlight the mechanisms that generate cancer heterogeneity in BC and how they affect the responses to cancer therapies.
Keywords: CAR-T cells; Epigenetics; Immune cell distribution; Immune checkpoint blockade; Immunotherapy; Matrix remodeling; Solid tumor; Tumor heterogeneity.
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