Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of 3-phenyl substituted pyridine derivatives as potential dual inhibitors of XOR and URAT1

Abstract

Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) and uric acid transporter 1 (URAT1) are two most widely studied targets involved in production and reabsorption of uric acid, respectively. Marketed drugs almost target XOR or URAT1, but sometimes, single agents might not achieve aim of lowering uric acid to ideal value in clinic. Thus, therapeutic strategies of combining XOR inhibitors with uricosuric drugs were proposed and implemented. Based on our initial work of virtual screening, A and B were potential hits for dual-targeted inhibitors on XOR/URAT1. By docking A/B with XOR/URAT1 respectively, compounds I1-7 were designed to get different degree of inhibition effect on XOR and URAT1, and I7 showed the best inhibitory effect on XOR (IC₅₀ = 0.037 ± 0.001 μM) and URAT1 (IC₅₀ = 546.70 ± 32.60 μM). Further docking research on I7 with XOR/URAT1 led to the design of compounds II with the significantly improved inhibitory activity on XOR and URAT1, such as II11 and II15. Especially, for II15, the IC₅₀ of XOR is 0.006 ± 0.000 μM, superior to that of febuxostat (IC₅₀ = 0.008 ± 0.000 μM), IC₅₀ of URAT1 is 12.90 ± 2.30 μM, superior to that of benzbromarone (IC₅₀ = 27.04 ± 2.55 μM). In acute hyperuricemia mouse model, II15 showed significant uric acid lowering effect. The results suggest that II15 had good inhibitory effect on XOR/URAT1, with the possibility for further investigation in in-vivo models of hyperuricemia.

Keywords: Dual inhibitors; Hypouricemic; Uric acid transporter 1; Xanthine oxidoreductase.