Different Modes of Mechanism of Gamma-Mangostin and Alpha-Mangostin to Inhibit Cell Migration of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells Concerning CXCR4 Downregulation and ROS Generation

Sarmoko Sarmoko; Dhania Novitasari; Manami Toriyama; Muhamad Salman Fareza; Nur Amalia Choironi; Hiroshi Itoh; Edy Meiyanto

doi:10.5812/ijpr-138856

Different Modes of Mechanism of Gamma-Mangostin and Alpha-Mangostin to Inhibit Cell Migration of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells Concerning CXCR4 Downregulation and ROS Generation

Iran J Pharm Res. 2023 Nov 10;22(1):e138856. doi: 10.5812/ijpr-138856. eCollection 2023 Jan-Dec.

Authors

Sarmoko Sarmoko¹, Dhania Novitasari^{2

3}, Manami Toriyama^{4

5}, Muhamad Salman Fareza⁶, Nur Amalia Choironi⁶, Hiroshi Itoh⁴, Edy Meiyanto^{7

2}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Pharmacy, Sumatera Institute of Technology, Lampung, Indonesia.
² Cancer Chemoprevention Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia.
³ Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan.
⁴ Laboratory of Molecular Signal Transduction, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan.
⁵ Laboratory of Advanced Cosmetic Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Osaka University, Japan.
⁶ Department of Pharmacy, Jenderal Soedirman University, Indonesia.
⁷ Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia.

Abstract

Background: Two mangostin compounds, gamma-mangostin and alpha-mangostin, show anticancer properties through the inhibition of cell proliferation and cell migration. Metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells, including MDA-MB-231, highly express C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) to maintain reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell migration.

Objectives: This study was performed to analyze and compare different modes of action of γ-mangostin and α-mangostin as antimigratory effects targeted on CXCR4 in MDA-MB-231 as a model of TNBC cell.

Methods: This study investigated the effect of γ-mangostin and α-mangostin using a series of assays, including Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay for cytotoxicity, wound healing assay for migration study, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) for gene expression analysis, and flow cytometry for ROS measurement, along with in silico study to observe the binding between the compound and CXCR4.

Results: The findings revealed half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 25 and 20 μM for γ-mangostin and α-mangostin in MDA-MB 231 cells, respectively. Moreover, a concentration of 10 μM was used for the migration assay. Both γ-mangostin and α-mangostin significantly suppressed cell migration within 24 hours. The present gene expression studies revealed the downregulation of key migration-associated genes, namely Farp, CXCR4, and LPHN2, upon γ-mangostin treatment but not α-mangostin. Additionally, both γ-mangostin and α-mangostin increased cellular ROS generation, highlighting the same effect of γ-mangostin and α-mangostin ROS elevation to inhibit cancer cell migration. Molecular docking simulations further suggested a potential interaction between γ-mangostin and α-mangostin with CXCR4 in high affinity.

Conclusions: These findings suggest that both γ-mangostin and α-mangostin inhibit breast cancer cell migration and induce cellular ROS levels in MDA-MB-231 cells; notably, γ-mangostin suppresses CXCR4 mRNA expression that might correlate to its activity to inhibit MDA-MB-231 cell migration.

Keywords: Breast Neoplasm; Cell Migration Inhibition; Computational Biology; Garcinia Mangostana.