Revisiting the opioid and naloxone education (ONE) program: Program evaluation using the RE-AIM model four years later

Mark A Strand; Oliver Frenzel

doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2024.04.005

Revisiting the opioid and naloxone education (ONE) program: Program evaluation using the RE-AIM model four years later

Res Social Adm Pharm. 2024 Apr 11:S1551-7411(24)00119-0. doi: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2024.04.005. Online ahead of print.

Authors

Mark A Strand¹, Oliver Frenzel²

Affiliations

¹ School of Pharmacy and Department of Public Health, North Dakota State University, P.O. Box 6050, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA. Electronic address: Mark.Strand@ndsu.edu.
² ONE Program Resident Pharmacist, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA.

PMID: 38627152
DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2024.04.005

Abstract

Objective: The Opioid and Naloxone Education (ONE) Program focuses on community pharmacy-based patient screening and interventions to improve population health with regard to opioid use. The purpose of this paper is to reevaluate the ONE Program performance using the RE-AIM model, in comparison to the review performed in 2019.

Methods: The program performance of the ONE Program was evaluated from January 1, 2021 to December 31, 2022 was evaluated using the five domains of the RE-AIM model. Reach was defined as the proportion of patients receiving opioid prescriptions who completed the screening. Efficacy was defined as the proportion of individuals identified as at risk who received a pharmacist intervention. Adoption was defined as the proportion of community pharmacies who enrolled in the ONE Program. Implementation was defined as the proportion of pharmacies that enrolled that provided at least five patient screenings. Maintenance was defined as the proportion of pharmacies that completed at least one screening three months. These results were compared against evaluation of the program from October 12, 2018 to June 1, 2019.

Results: Approximately 7.28 % of patients receiving opioid prescriptions were screened for risk of opioid misuse and accidental overdose (Reach). Of the patients screened, 97.4 % of patients at risk for opioid misuse or accidental overdose received a pharmacist-led intervention (Efficacy). Additionally, 49.6 % of the pharmacist that enrolled in the ONE Program completed at least five screenings (79 %) and of those, 86.4 % maintained the program three months later.

Conclusions: In years four and five of implementation, the ONE Program demonstrated improvement in four of the five domains of the RE-AIM model compared to years one and two. However, Reach declined over time. This reevaluation has demonstrated the importance of longitudinal program assessment, and the possibility of improved program performance over time.

Keywords: Accidental overdose; Collaboration; Community pharmacy practice; Opioid use disorder; Population health; RE-AIM.