Tracking magma pathways and surface faulting in the Southwest Rift Zone and the Koa' e fault system (Kīlauea volcano, Hawai 'i) using photogrammetry and structural observations

Stefano Mannini; Joël Ruch; Richard W Hazlett; Drew T Downs; Carolyn E Parcheta; Steven P Lundblad; James L Anderson; Ryan Perroy; Nicolas Oestreicher

doi:10.1007/s00445-024-01735-7

Tracking magma pathways and surface faulting in the Southwest Rift Zone and the Koa' e fault system (Kīlauea volcano, Hawai 'i) using photogrammetry and structural observations

Bull Volcanol. 2024;86(5):45. doi: 10.1007/s00445-024-01735-7. Epub 2024 Apr 11.

Authors

Stefano Mannini¹, Joël Ruch¹, Richard W Hazlett², Drew T Downs³, Carolyn E Parcheta⁴, Steven P Lundblad², James L Anderson², Ryan Perroy⁵, Nicolas Oestreicher¹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Earth Sciences, University of Geneva, Rue Des Maraîchers 13, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland.
² Department of Geology, University of Hawai'I at Hilo, Hilo, HI 96720 USA.
³ U.S. Geological Survey, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, Hilo, HI 96720 USA.
⁴ Alaska Earthquake Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA.
⁵ Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Hawai'I at Hilo, Hilo, HI 96720 USA.

Abstract

Volcanic islands are often subject to flank instability, resulting from a combination of magmatic intrusions along rift zones and gravitational spreading causing extensional faulting at the surface. Here, we study the Koa'e fault system (KFS), located south of the summit caldera of Kīlauea volcano in Hawai'i, one of the most active volcanoes on Earth, prone to active faulting, episodic dike intrusions, and flank instability. Two rift zones and the KFS are major structures controlling volcanic flank instability and magma propagation. Although several magmatic intrusions occurred over the KFS, the link between these faults, two nearby rift zones and the flank instability, is still poorly studied. To better characterize the KFS and its structural linkage with the surrounding fault and rift zones, we performed a detailed structural analysis of the extensional fault system, coupled with a helicopter photogrammetric survey, covering part of the south flank of Kīlauea. We generated a high-resolution DEM (~ 8 cm) and orthomosaic (~ 4 cm) to map the fracture field in detail. We also collected ~ 1000 ground structural measurements of extensional fractures during our three field missions (2019, 2022, and 2023). We observed many small, interconnected grabens, monoclines, rollover structures, and en-echelon fractures that were in part previously undocumented. We estimate the cumulative displacement rate across the KFS during the last 600 ~ 700 years and found a decrease toward the west of the horizontal component from 2 to 6 cm per year, consistent with GNSS data. Integrating morphology observations, fault mapping, and kinematic measurements, we propose a new kinematic model of the upper part of the Kīlauea's south flank, suggesting a clockwise rotation and a translation of a triangular wedge. This wedge is bordered by the extensional structures (ERZ, SWRZ, and the KFS), largely influenced by gravitational spreading. These findings illustrate a structural linkage between the two rift zones and the KFS, the latter being episodically affected by dike intrusions.

Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00445-024-01735-7.

Keywords: Faulting; Ground deformation; Kīlauea volcano; Magma propagation; Monocline.