Melamine-based metal-organic frameworks for high-performance supercapacitor applications

Ramkumar Vanaraj; Santhanaraj Daniel; Gopiraman Mayakrishnan; Karthikeyan Govindarasu Gunasekaran; Bharathi Arumugam; Cadiam Mohan Babu; Seong Cheol Kim

doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2024.04.006

Melamine-based metal-organic frameworks for high-performance supercapacitor applications

J Colloid Interface Sci. 2024 Jul 15:666:380-392. doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.04.006. Epub 2024 Apr 6.

Authors

Ramkumar Vanaraj¹, Santhanaraj Daniel², Gopiraman Mayakrishnan³, Karthikeyan Govindarasu Gunasekaran⁴, Bharathi Arumugam¹, Cadiam Mohan Babu⁵, Seong Cheol Kim⁶

Affiliations

¹ School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea.
² Department of Chemistry, Loyola College, Tamilnadu 600 020, India.
³ Nano Fusion Technology Research Group, Institute for Fiber Engineering (IFES), Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research (ICCER), Shinshu University, Tokida 3-15-1, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan.
⁴ Department of Chemistry, CEG Anna University, Chennai, Tamilnadu 600 020, India.
⁵ Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117585, Singapore.
⁶ School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: sckim07@ynu.ac.kr.

PMID: 38603880
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.04.006

Abstract

Melamine-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) for high-performance supercapacitor applications are described in this paper. Melamine (Me) is employed as an organic linker, and three metal ions cobalt, nickel, and iron (Co, Ni, Fe) are used ascentral metal ions to manufacture the desired MOF materials (Co-Me, Ni-Me, and Fe-Me). While melamine is an inexpensive organic linker for creating MOF materials, homogenous molecular structures can be difficult to produce. The most effective technique for expanding the molecular structures of MOFs through suitable experimental optimization is used in this work. The MOFs materials are characterized using standard techniques. The kinetics of the materials' reactions are investigated using attenuated total reflectance. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), powder X-ray diffraction (P-XRD), Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FT-IR) spectroscopy, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) studies verified the development of the MOFs structure. The surface morphology of the produced materials is investigated using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The elements found in MOFs are studied via XPS analysis, energy dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDX), mapping, and mapping. The materials' absorption characteristics were examined by the use of UV-visible absorption spectroscopy. The thermal stability of the materials is examined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA); these materials are more stable, according to the findings, even at high temperatures. The electrochemical investigation determines the specific capacitance of the materials. The specific capacitance of Co-Me, Ni-Me, and Fe-Me in 3 M KOH electrolyte is 1267.36, 803.22, and 507.59F/g @ 1 A^-1, according to the three-electrode arrangement. The two-electrode device maximizes power and energy density by using an asymmetrical supercapacitor in a 3 M KOH electrolyte. The power and energy densities of Co-Me, Ni-Me, and Fe-Me are 3650.63, 2813.21, and 6210.45 W kg^-1, and 68.43, 46.32, and 42.2 Wh kg^-1, respectively. According to the materials stability test, the MOFs are highly stable after 10,000 cycles. Preliminary results suggest that the materials are suitable for usage in high-end supercapacitor uses.

Keywords: Energy; High-performance supercapacitor; Melamine; Metal; Molecular network; Power density.