Transient Ruddlesden-Popper-Type Defects and Their Influence on Grain Growth and Properties of Lithium Lanthanum Titanate Solid Electrolyte

Petruša Borštnar; Goran Dražić; Martin Šala; Che-An Lin; Shih-Kang Lin; Matjaž Spreitzer; Nina Daneu

doi:10.1021/acsnano.4c00706

Transient Ruddlesden-Popper-Type Defects and Their Influence on Grain Growth and Properties of Lithium Lanthanum Titanate Solid Electrolyte

ACS Nano. 2024 Apr 23;18(16):10850-10862. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.4c00706. Epub 2024 Apr 9.

Authors

Petruša Borštnar^{1

2}, Goran Dražić³, Martin Šala⁴, Che-An Lin⁵, Shih-Kang Lin^{5

6

7

8}, Matjaž Spreitzer¹, Nina Daneu¹

Affiliations

¹ Advanced Materials Department, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
² Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
³ Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
⁴ Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
⁵ Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.
⁶ Hierarchical Green-Energy Materials (Hi-GEM) Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.
⁷ Program on Smart and Sustainable Manufacturing, Academy of Innovative Semiconductor and Sustainable Manufacturing, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.
⁸ Core Facility Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.

Abstract

Lithium lanthanum titanate (LLTO) perovskite is one of the most promising electrolytes for all-solid-state batteries, but its performance is limited by the presence of grain boundaries (GBs). The fraction of GBs can be significantly reduced by the preparation of coarse-grained LLTO ceramics. In this work, we describe an alternative approach to the fabrication of ceramics with large LLTO grains based on self-seeded grain growth. In compositions with the starting stoichiometry for the Li_0.20La_0.60TiO₃ phase and with a high excess addition of Li (Li:La:Ti = 11:15:25), microstructure development starts with the formation of the layered RP-type Li₂La₂Ti₃O₁₀ phase. Grains with many RP-type defects initially develop into large platelets with thicknesses of up to 10 μm and lengths over 100 μm. Microstructure development continues with the crystallization of LLTO perovskite, epitaxially on the platelets and as smaller grains with thinner in-grain RP-lamellae. Theoretical calculations confirmed that the formation of RP-type sequences is energetically favored and precedes the formation of the LLTO perovskite phase. At around 1250 °C, the RP-type sequences become thermally unstable and gradually recrystallize to LLTO via the ionic exchange between the Li-rich RP-layers and the neighboring Ti and La layers as shown by quantitative HAADF-STEM. At higher sintering temperatures, LLTO grains become free of RP-type defects and the small grains recrystallize onto the large platelike seed grains via Ostwald ripening. The final microstructure is coarse-grained LLTO with total ionic conductivity in the range of 1 × 10^-4 S/cm.

Keywords: LLTO; Li2La2Ti3O10; abnormal growth; exaggerated growth; recrystallization; solid electrolyte.