Evaluating acute toxicity of amino acid ionic liquids towards Poecilia reticulata fish for designing sustainable chemical processes

Jivana Parameswaran; Noraini Abd Ghani; Normawati Bt M Yunus; Noorhafizah Bt Hasanudin

doi:10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.03.014

Evaluating acute toxicity of amino acid ionic liquids towards Poecilia reticulata fish for designing sustainable chemical processes

Toxicol Rep. 2024 Apr 1:12:414-421. doi: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.03.014. eCollection 2024 Jun.

Authors

Jivana Parameswaran^{1

2}, Noraini Abd Ghani^{1

2}, Normawati Bt M Yunus^{1

2}, Noorhafizah Bt Hasanudin¹

Affiliations

¹ Center of Research in Ionic Liquids (CORIL), Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Perak 32610, Malaysia.
² Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Perak 32610, Malaysia.

Abstract

An acute toxicity study assessed the LC₅₀ values for eight different amino acid ionic liquids (AAILs), featuring two cations, tetrabutylphosphonium [P₄₄₄₄] and tetrabutylammonium [N₄₄₄₄], coupled with four anions [PHE], [ASP], [SER], and [GLY]. According to the OECD 203 standard for acute fish toxicity tests with guppy fish (Poecilia reticulata, all the AAILs exhibited low toxicity levels, and were practically nontoxic and harmless. The LC₅₀ values surpassed 100 mg/L and 1000 mg/L. This study provides valuable insights for industrial professionals in utilizing tetrabutylphosphonium-based amino acid ionic liquids [P₄₄₄₄] [AA] and tetrabutylammonium-based amino acid ionic liquids [N₄₄₄₄][AA] in chemical processes, indicating their safety in aquatic environments. These promising results highlight the potential of incorporating these AAILs into diverse chemical processes while ensuring minimal ecological impact.

Keywords: Acute toxicity; Amino acid ionic liquids; Guppy fish; Ionic liquids; LC50; Poecilia reticulata; Toxicity; [N4444][ASP]; [N4444][GLY]; [N4444][PHE]; [N4444][SER]; [P4444][ASP]; [P4444][GLY]; [P4444][PHE]; [P4444][SER].