Bone Quality as Measured by Hounsfield Units More Accurately Predicts Proximal Junctional Kyphosis than Vertebral Bone Quality Following Long-Segment Thoracolumbar Fusion

Zach Pennington; Anthony L Mikula; Nikita Lakomkin; Michael Martini; Zachariah W Pinter; Mahnoor Shafi; Abdelrahman Hamouda; Mohamad Bydon; Michelle J Clarke; Brett A Freedman; William E Krauss; Ahmad N Nassr; Arjun S Sebastian; Jeremy L Fogelson; Benjamin D Elder

doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2024.04.003

Bone Quality as Measured by Hounsfield Units More Accurately Predicts Proximal Junctional Kyphosis than Vertebral Bone Quality Following Long-Segment Thoracolumbar Fusion

World Neurosurg. 2024 Apr 7:S1878-8750(24)00565-5. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2024.04.003. Online ahead of print.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA. Electronic address: zach.pennington.93@gmail.com.
² Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
³ Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.

PMID: 38588791
DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2024.04.003

Abstract

Objective: To compare the prognostic power of Hounsfield units (HU) and Vertebral Bone Quality (VBQ) score for predicting proximal junctional kyphosis (PJK) following long-segment thoracolumbar fusion to the upper thoracic spine (T1-T6).

Methods: Vertebral bone quality around the upper instrumented vertebrae (UIV) was measured using HU on preoperative CT and VBQ on preoperative MRI. Spinopelvic parameters were also categorized according to the Scoliosis Research Society-Schwab classification. Univariable analysis to identify predictors of the occurrence of PJK and survival analyses with Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression were performed to identify predictors of time to PJK (defined as ≥10° change in Cobb angle of UIV+2 and UIV). Sensitivity analyses showed thresholds of HU < 164 and VBQ > 2.7 to be most predictive for PJK.

Results: Seventy-six patients (mean age 66.0 ± 7.0 years; 27.6% male) were identified, of whom 15 suffered PJK. Significant predictors of PJK were high postoperative pelvic tilt (P = 0.038), high postoperative T1-pelvic angle (P = 0.041), and high postoperative PI-LL mismatch (P = 0.028). On survival analyses, bone quality, as assessed by the average HU of the UIV and UIV+1 was the only significant predictor of time to PJK (odds ratio [OR] 3.053; 95% CI 1.032-9.032; P = 0.044). VBQ measured using the UIV, UIV+1, UIV+2, and UIV-1 vertebrae approached, but did not reach significance (OR 2.913; 95% CI 0.797-10.646; P = 0.106).

Conclusions: In larger cohorts, VBQ may prove to be a significant predictor of PJK following long-segment thoracolumbar fusion. However, Hounsfield units on CT have greater predictive power, suggesting preoperative workup for long-segment thoracolumbar fusion benefits from computed tomography versus magnetic resonance imaging alone to identify those at increased risk of PJK.

Keywords: Bone quality; Hounsfield units; Proximal junctional kyphosis; Vertebral Bone Quality score.