Seasonal variation and concentration of PAHs in Lake Balaton sediment: A study on molecular weight distribution and sources of pollution

Ruqayah Ali Grmasha; Osamah J Al-Sareji; Mónika Meiczinger; Raed A Al-Juboori; Csilla Stenger-Kovács; Edina Lengyel; Hasan Sh Majdi; Rafid AlKhaddar; Salah Jasim Mohammed; Khalid S Hashim

doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116333

Seasonal variation and concentration of PAHs in Lake Balaton sediment: A study on molecular weight distribution and sources of pollution

Mar Pollut Bull. 2024 Apr 4:202:116333. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116333. Online ahead of print.

Affiliations

¹ University of Pannonia, Faculty of Engineering, Center for Natural Science, Research Group of Limnology, H-8200 Veszprem, Egyetem u. 10, Hungary; Sustainability Solutions Research Lab, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Egyetem str. 10, Veszprém H 8200, Hungary; Environmental Research and Studies Center, University of Babylon, Al-Hillah, Babylon 51001, Iraq. Electronic address: ruqayah.grmasha@unswalumni.com.
² Sustainability Solutions Research Lab, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Egyetem str. 10, Veszprém H 8200, Hungary; Research Centre of Engineering Sciences, Department of Materials Sciences and Engineering, University of Pannonia, PO Box 158, H-8201 Veszprém, Hungary; Environmental Research and Studies Center, University of Babylon, Al-Hillah, Babylon 51001, Iraq.
³ Sustainability Solutions Research Lab, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Egyetem str. 10, Veszprém H 8200, Hungary.
⁴ NYUAD Water Research Center, New York University-Abu Dhabi Campus, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Water and Environmental Engineering Research Group, Department of Built Environment, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15200, Aalto, FI-00076, Espoo, Finland.
⁵ University of Pannonia, Faculty of Engineering, Center for Natural Science, Research Group of Limnology, H-8200 Veszprem, Egyetem u. 10, Hungary; HUN-REN-PE Limnoecology Research Group, Egyetem utca 10, H-8200 Veszprém, Hungary.
⁶ University of Pannonia, Faculty of Engineering, Center for Natural Science, Research Group of Limnology, H-8200 Veszprem, Egyetem u. 10, Hungary.
⁷ Department of Chemical Engineering and Petroleum Industries, Al-Mustaqbal University, Al-Hillah, Babylon 51001, Iraq.
⁸ School of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Liverpool John Moores University, UK.
⁹ Dijlah University College, Baghdad, Iraq.
¹⁰ School of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Liverpool John Moores University, UK; Environmental Research and Studies Center, University of Babylon, Al-Hillah, Babylon 51001, Iraq; Dijlah University College, Baghdad, Iraq.

PMID: 38579446
DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116333

Abstract

The temporal and spatial variations of 16 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) were examined at multiple sites around Lake Balaton from February 2023 to January 2024. The results indicated that the concentrations of PAHs in sediment were high during the winter months, 448.35 to 619.77 ng/g dry weight, and low during the summer months, 257.21 to 465.49 ng/g dry weight. The concentration of high molecular weight PAHs (HMWPAHs), consisting of 5-6 rings, was greater than that of low molecular weight PAHs (LMWPAHs), which had 2-3 rings. The total incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) for both dermal and ingestion pathways was high for both adults and children during the four seasons, with the highest records as the following: winter > spring > summer > autumn. The ecological effects of the 16 PAHs were negligible except for acenaphthylene (Acy) and fluorene (Fl), which displayed slightly higher concentrations during the autumn and spring, respectively.

Keywords: Lake Balaton; Petrogenic sources; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; Pyrolytic sources; Sediments; Toxicity assessment.