The exponential growth of industrial activities has led to a significant rise in the release of organic effluents, containing hazardous heavy metals and dyes, into the environment. These pollutants exhibit resistance to conventional biodegradation processes and are associated with carcinogenic properties, posing a severe threat to living organisms. In this context, the present research endeavours to address this environmental challenge through the development of an affordable and efficient photocatalyst, the Co3O4/reduced graphene oxide/biochar (CBG-10) heterostructure. The structural analysis of CBG-10, conducted through various techniques such as XRD, XPS, SEM, and optical property measurements, demonstrates its potential as a highly effective and easily recoverable catalyst for the mineralization of persistent pollutants like methylene blue, malachite green, and hexavalent Cr(vi). The recyclability of CBG-10 was confirmed through XRD studies, highlighting its stability and practical usability in wastewater purification. The photocatalytic behaviour of the catalyst was attributed to the generation of hydroxyl (˙OH) and superoxide radicals (˙O2-) during visible light illumination, as revealed by quenching experiments. The cost-effectiveness and stability of CBG-10 position it as a promising solution for addressing the challenges associated with the removal of stubborn organic contaminants from wastewater, thereby contributing to environmental protection and public health.
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