Junctional adhesion molecule-A deficient mice are protected from severe experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Abstract

In multiple sclerosis and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), early pathological features include immune cell infiltration into the central nervous system (CNS) and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. We investigated the role of junctional adhesion molecule-A (JAM-A), a tight junction protein, in active EAE (aEAE) pathogenesis. Our study confirms JAM-A expression at the blood-brain barrier and its luminal redistribution during aEAE. JAM-A deficient (JAM-A^-/-) C57BL/6J mice exhibited milder aEAE, unrelated to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-specific CD4⁺ T-cell priming. While JAM-A absence influenced macrophage behavior on primary mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells (pMBMECs) under flow in vitro, it did not impact T-cell extravasation across primary mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells. At aEAE onset, we observed reduced lymphocyte and CCR2⁺ macrophage infiltration into the spinal cord of JAM-A^-/- mice compared to control littermates. This correlated with increased CD3⁺ T-cell accumulation in spinal cord perivascular spaces and brain leptomeninges, suggesting JAM-A absence leads to T-cell trapping in central nervous system border compartments. In summary, JAM-A plays a role in immune cell infiltration and clinical disease progression in aEAE.

Keywords: Blood–brain barrier; Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; Junctional adhesion molecule A; Macrophages; T cells.