1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, South Korea.
2 Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon‑ro, Gangnam‑gu, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea.
3 Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
4 Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.
5 Center for Clinical Epidemiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
6 Department of Epidemiology and Medicine, and Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
7 Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea.
8 Department of Clinical Research Design and Evaluation, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea.
9 Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon‑ro, Gangnam‑gu, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea. hkts.kim@samsung.com.
10 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, 81 Irwon‑ro, Gangnam‑gu, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea. hyeyunpark@skku.edu.