Background: The ketone body 3-hydroxybutyrate (3-OHB) increases cardiac output (CO) by 35% to 40% in healthy people and people with heart failure. The mechanisms underlying the effects of 3-OHB on myocardial contractility and loading conditions as well as the cardiovascular effects of its enantiomeric forms, D-3-OHB and L-3-OHB, remain undetermined.
Methods and results: Three groups of 8 pigs each underwent a randomized, crossover study. The groups received 3-hour infusions of either D/L-3-OHB (racemic mixture), 100% L-3-OHB, 100% D-3-OHB, versus an isovolumic control. The animals were monitored with pulmonary artery catheter, left ventricle pressure-volume catheter, and arterial and coronary sinus blood samples. Myocardial biopsies were evaluated with high-resolution respirometry, coronary arteries with isometric myography, and myocardial kinetics with D-[11C]3-OHB and L-[11C]3-OHB positron emission tomography. All three 3-OHB infusions increased 3-OHB levels (P<0.001). D/L-3-OHB and L-3-OHB increased CO by 2.7 L/min (P<0.003). D-3-OHB increased CO nonsignificantly (P=0.2). Circulating 3-OHB levels correlated with CO for both enantiomers (P<0.001). The CO increase was mediated through arterial elastance (afterload) reduction, whereas contractility and preload were unchanged. Ex vivo, D- and L-3-OHB dilated coronary arteries equally. The mitochondrial respiratory capacity remained unaffected. The myocardial 3-OHB extraction increased only during the D- and D/L-3-OHB infusions. D-[11C]3-OHB showed rapid cardiac uptake and metabolism, whereas L-[11C]3-OHB demonstrated much slower pharmacokinetics.
Conclusions: 3-OHB increased CO by reducing afterload. L-3-OHB exerted a stronger hemodynamic response than D-3-OHB due to higher circulating 3-OHB levels. There was a dissocitation between the myocardial metabolism and hemodynamic effects of the enantiomers, highlighting L-3-OHB as a potent cardiovascular agent with strong hemodynamic effects.
Keywords: 3‐hydroxybutyrate; heart failure; hemodynamics; ketone; metabolism; pharmacokinetics; pressure‐volume loop.