Novel fluorescent probes based on sulfur and nitrogen co-doped carbon dots for determination of three N-substituted phenothiazine derivatives in dosage forms

Galal Magdy; Noura Said; Ramadan A El-Domany; Fathalla Belal

doi:10.1016/j.saa.2024.124207

Novel fluorescent probes based on sulfur and nitrogen co-doped carbon dots for determination of three N-substituted phenothiazine derivatives in dosage forms

Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2024 Jun 5:314:124207. doi: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124207. Epub 2024 Mar 27.

Authors

Galal Magdy¹, Noura Said², Ramadan A El-Domany³, Fathalla Belal⁴

Affiliations

¹ Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, P.O. Box 33511, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura National University, Gamasa, 7731168, Egypt. Electronic address: galal_magdy@pharm.kfs.edu.eg.
² Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, P.O. Box 33511, Egypt.
³ Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, P.O. Box 33511, Egypt.
⁴ Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, P.O. Box 35516, Egypt.

PMID: 38554691
DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124207

Abstract

In the current work, sulfur and nitrogen co-doped carbon dots (S,N-CDs) as simple, sensitive, and selective turn-off fluorescent nanosensors were utilized for analysis of three phenothiazine derivatives, including acetophenazine (APZ), chlorpromazine (CPH), and promethazine (PZH). S,N-CDs were synthesized through a green one-pot microwave-assisted technique using widely available precursors (thiourea and ascorbic acid). HRTEM, EDX, FTIR spectroscopy, UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy were used to characterize the as-synthesized CDs. When excited at 330 nm, the carbon dots produced a maximum emission peak at 410 nm. The cited drugs statically quenched the S,N-CDs fluorescence as revealed by the Stern-Volmer equation. The current method represents the first spectrofluorimetric approach for the determination of the studied drugs without the need for chemical derivatization or harsh reaction conditions. The importance of the proposed work is magnified as the cited drugs do not have any fluorescent properties. The fluorescence of the developed sensor exhibited a linear response to APZ, CPH, and PZH in the concentration ranges of 5.0-100.0, 10.0-100.0, and 10.0-200.0 μM with detection limits of 1.53, 1.66, and 2.47 μM, respectively. The developed fluorescent probes have the advantages of rapidity and selectivity for APZ, CPH, and PZH analysis in tablets with acceptable % recoveries of (98.06-101.66 %). Evaluation of the method's greenness was performed using the Complementary Green Analytical Procedure Index (ComplexGAPI) and Analytical GREEnness metric (AGREE) metrics, indicating that the method is environmentally friendly. Validation of the proposed method was performed according to ICHQ2 (R1) guidelines.

Keywords: Acetophenazine; Chlorpromazine; Fluorescent probes; Promethazine; Quenching; Sulfur and nitrogen co-doped carbon dots.

MeSH terms

Antipsychotic Agents*
Carbon / chemistry
Fluorescent Dyes / chemistry
Nitrogen / chemistry
Phenothiazines
Quantum Dots* / chemistry
Sulfur / chemistry

Substances

Fluorescent Dyes
acetophenazine
Phenothiazines
Antipsychotic Agents
Carbon
Nitrogen
Sulfur