Evolution and Application of Ultrasound for Flap Planning in Upper Extremity Reconstruction

Abstract

Accurate preoperative localization of dominant perforators provides crucial information about their location and diameter, leading to reduced surgical time, improved flap viability, and decreased complications. Ultrasound has increased in popularity in recent years, with the advantages of providing reproducible, accurate, cost-effective, and real-time information while reducing radiation exposure. Precise preoperative mapping of perforators allows for rapid and safe elevation of suprafascial, thin, and superthin flaps. This review focuses on the role of ultrasound as a tool for preoperative flap planning in the upper extremities.

Keywords: Color Doppler ultrasound; Computed tomography angiography; Flap planning; Magnetic resonance angiography; Ultrasound.