Sex differences in waist circumference obesity and eating speed: a cross-sectional study of Japanese people with normal body mass index

Yuri Yaguchi; Tsuneo Konta; Nahomi Imaeda; Chiho Goto; Yoshiyuki Ueno; Takamasa Kayama

doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1341240

Sex differences in waist circumference obesity and eating speed: a cross-sectional study of Japanese people with normal body mass index

Front Nutr. 2024 Mar 12:11:1341240. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1341240. eCollection 2024.

Authors

Yuri Yaguchi¹, Tsuneo Konta², Nahomi Imaeda³, Chiho Goto⁴, Yoshiyuki Ueno⁵, Takamasa Kayama⁵

Affiliations

¹ Department of Education, Art, and Sciences, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan.
² Department of Public Health, Yamagata University Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata, Japan.
³ Department of Nutrition, Shigakkan University, Obu, Japan.
⁴ Department of Health and Nutrition, Nagoya Bunri University, Inazawa, Japan.
⁵ Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Promotion of Medical Science Research, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan.

Abstract

Background: Fast eating has been positively associated with visceral fat accumulation in normal-weight individuals according to body mass index (BMI). However, previous studies have not examined energy and nutrients, or adjusted for food intake. We examined the relationship between eating speed and visceral fat accumulation, using waist circumference as an index, in middle-aged participants who were considered to be of standard weight according to BMI, with nutrient intake added as an adjustment factor.

Methods: We included 6,548 Japanese participants (3,875 men and 2,673 women) aged 40-74 years with BMI 18.5-25.0 kg/m² who were enrolled in the Yamagata Cohort Study. Participants were divided into "fast," "normal," and "slow" eaters according to self-reported eating speed. Nutrient and food intake were evaluated using a food frequency questionnaire, and the difference in intake by eating speed and sex was compared. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between waist circumference obesity (men ≥85 cm, women ≥90 cm, according to Japanese criteria) and eating speed, adjusted for nutrient intake and other lifestyle habits.

Results: In men, slow eaters had greater intakes of dietary protein, fat, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), omega-3 PUFA, total dietary fiber, soluble dietary fiber, insoluble dietary fiber, soybean products, fish, green and yellow vegetables, other vegetables, mushrooms, and seaweed in comparison with normal-speed eaters. In men, waist circumference obesity was significantly lower among slow eaters than in the group with normal eating speed. In women, waist circumference obesity was not significantly associated with eating speed and was not also associated with nutrient/food consumption except omega-6 PUFA.

Conclusion: Eating slowly was associated with healthy dietary habits. Our results could help prevent waist circumference obesity in men with a BMI between 18.5 and 25.0 kg/m². However, similar findings were not observed in women, suggesting a sex difference.

Keywords: diet; normal weight; sex difference; slow eating; waist circumference obesity.

Grants and funding

The author(s) declare that financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. This work was supported in part by a grant from the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (grant-in-Aid: no. 19 K11661).