Awake pronation with helmet CPAP in early COVID-19 ARDS patients: effects on respiratory effort and distribution of ventilation assessed by EIT

Abstract

Prone positioning with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is widely used for respiratory support in awake patients with COVID-19-associated acute respiratory failure. We aimed to assess the respiratory mechanics and distribution of ventilation in COVID-19-associated ARDS treated by CPAP in awake prone position. We studied 16 awake COVID-19 patients with moderate-to-severe ARDS. The study protocol consisted of a randomized sequence of supine and prone position with imposed positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) of 5 and 10 cmH₂O delivered by helmet CPAP. Respiratory mechanics and distribution of ventilation were assessed through esophageal pressure (P_ES) and electrical impedance tomography (EIT). At the end of each 20-min phase, arterial blood gas analysis was performed, and P_ES swing and EIT tracings were recorded for the calculation of the respiratory mechanics and regional ventilation. The patient's position had no significant effects on respiratory mechanics. EIT analysis did not detect differences among global indices of ventilation. A significant proportion of pixels in the sternal region of interest showed an increase in compliance from the supine to prone position and PaO₂/F_IO₂ increased accordingly. The best improvement of both PaO₂/F_IO₂ and sternal compliance was obtained in the prone position with PEEP 10 cmH₂O. In the studied subjects, prone positioning during CPAP treatment raised oxygenation without improvement of "protective" ventilation or global ventilatory inhomogeneity indices. Prone positioning with higher PEEP significantly increased the compliance of sternal regions.

Keywords: ARDS; Awake prone position; COVID-19; CPAP; Electrical impedance tomography.