In-tube solid phase extraction with graphitic-based polyurethane sponge as a superhydrophobic sorbent and determination of drug residues in foodstuffs using high-performance liquid chromatography

Sidra Iram; Zahra Nazar; Muhammad Sajid; Thomas William Chamberlain; Muhammad Furqan Nawaz; Muhammad Mahboob Ahmed; Muhammad Kashif

doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139022

In-tube solid phase extraction with graphitic-based polyurethane sponge as a superhydrophobic sorbent and determination of drug residues in foodstuffs using high-performance liquid chromatography

Food Chem. 2024 Aug 1:448:139022. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139022. Epub 2024 Mar 20.

Authors

Sidra Iram¹, Zahra Nazar¹, Muhammad Sajid², Thomas William Chamberlain³, Muhammad Furqan Nawaz⁴, Muhammad Mahboob Ahmed¹, Muhammad Kashif⁵

Affiliations

¹ Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan.
² Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan. Electronic address: dr.msajid@bzu.edu.pk.
³ Institute of Process Research and Development, School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom.
⁴ National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.
⁵ Department of Chemistry, Emerson University, Multan 60000, Pakistan.

PMID: 38522298
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139022

Abstract

Veterinary drugs used in animal husbandry raise public health concerns due to their residues in the bodies of animals. This study employs a simple and quick sample preparation technique, in-tube solid phase extraction, to extract drug residues from foodstuffs, including eggs, honey, and water. This technique utilizes the synergy of graphitic-based materials and polyurethane sponges (PU) combined through dip coating method to make reusable sorbents for extracting drugs, including amoxicillin, paracetamol, ciprofloxacin, and cefixime. These prepared sorbents were characterized using FTIR, SEM, and XRD. HPLC analysis assessed the extraction efficiency, considering various parameters such as analyte concentration, sample solution pH, extraction time, type of eluting solvent, and graphitic-based polyurethane sponge reusability and stability. The proposed method exhibited a linear response for all three sorbents in the range of 0.03-1000 µg mL^-1, with LOD 0.03-1.60 µg mL^-1 and LOQ 0.18-4.84 µg mL^-1. The % RSD ranged from 1.3 to 9.3 %, with recoveries of up to 98.42 %.

Keywords: Drug residues; Graphitic-based sorbents; HPLC-UV; In-tube solid phase extraction; Polyurethane sponge.