Prolonged interval to surgery following neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

P W Owens; M Saeed; N McCawley; P Loughlin; D E Kearney; J P Burke; D A McNamara; S M Sahebally

doi:10.1016/j.surge.2024.03.001

Prolonged interval to surgery following neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Surgeon. 2024 Mar 22:S1479-666X(24)00028-3. doi: 10.1016/j.surge.2024.03.001. Online ahead of print.

Authors

P W Owens¹, M Saeed², N McCawley³, P Loughlin⁴, D E Kearney⁵, J P Burke⁶, D A McNamara⁷, S M Sahebally⁸

Affiliations

¹ Dept of Surgery, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. Electronic address: patrickowens@rcsi.ie.
² Dept of Surgery, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. Electronic address: munirfellow@gmail.com.
³ Dept of Surgery, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. Electronic address: niamhmccawley@rcsi.ie.
⁴ Dept of Surgery, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. Electronic address: paulaloughlin@beaumont.ie.
⁵ Dept of Surgery, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. Electronic address: kearneyde@gmail.com.
⁶ Dept of Surgery, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. Electronic address: johnburke@rcsi.ie.
⁷ Dept of Surgery, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. Electronic address: deborahmcnamara@rcsi.ie.
⁸ Dept of Surgery, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. Electronic address: sahebalm@tcd.ie.

PMID: 38521683
DOI: 10.1016/j.surge.2024.03.001

Abstract

Background: Long-course neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NCRT), followed by surgery after an interval of 6-8 weeks, represents standard of care for patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC). Increasing this interval may improve rates of complete pathological response (pCR) and tumour downstaging. We performed a meta-analysis comparing standard (SI, within 8 weeks) versus longer (LI, after 8 weeks) interval from NCRT to surgery.

Methods: PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases were searched up to 31 August 2022. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing SI with LI after NCRT for LARC were included. The primary endpoint was pCR rate. Secondary endpoints included rates of R0 resection, circumferential resection margin positivity (+CRM), TME completeness, lymph node yield (LNY), operative duration, tumour downstaging (TD), sphincter preservation, mortality, postoperative complications, surgical site infection (SSI) and anastomotic leak (AL). Random effects models were used to calculate pooled effect size estimates.

Results: Four RCTs encompassing 867 patients were included. There were 539 males (62.1%). LI was associated with a higher pCR rate (OR 0.61, 95%CI = 0.39-0.95, p = 0.03), and more TD (OR 0.60, 95%CI = 0.37-0.97, p = 0.04) compared to SI. However, there was no difference in rates of R0 resection (p = 0.87), +CRM (p = 0.66), sphincter preservation (p = 0.26), incomplete TME (p = 0.49), LNY (p = 0.55), SSI (p = 0.33), AL (p = 0.20), operative duration (p = 0.07), mortality (p = 0.89) or any surgical complication (p = 0.91).

Conclusions: A LI to surgery after NCRT for LARC increases pCR and TD rates. Local recurrence or survival were not assessed due to unavailable data. We recommend deferring TME until after an interval of 8 weeks following completion of NCRT.

Keywords: Complete pathological response; Interval to surgery; Meta-analysis; Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy; Radiotherapy; Rectal cancer.