Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a challenge in clinical medicine and drug development. Highly sensitive novel biomarkers have been identified for detecting DILI following a paracetamol overdose. The study objective was to evaluate biomarker performance in a 14-day trial of therapeutic dose paracetamol. The PATH-BP trial was a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Individuals (n = 110) were randomized to receive 1 g paracetamol 4×daily or matched placebo for 2 weeks followed by a 2-week washout before crossing over to the alternate treatment. Blood was collected on days 0 (baseline), 4, 7 and 14 in both arms. Alanine transaminase (ALT) activity was measured in all patients. MicroRNA-122 (miR-122), cytokeratin-18 (K18) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) were measured in patients who had an elevated ALT on paracetamol treatment (≥50% from baseline). ALT increased in 49 individuals (45%). All 3 biomarkers were increased at the time of peak ALT (K18 paracetamol arm: 18.9 ± 9.7 ng/mL, placebo arm: 11.1 ± 5.4 ng/mL, ROC-AUC = 0.80, 95%CI 0.71-0.89; miR-122: 15.1 ± 12.9fM V 4.9 ± 4.7fM, ROC-AUC = 0.83, 0.75-0.91; and GLDH : 24.6 ± 31.1U/L V 12.0 ± 11.8U/L, ROC-AUC = 0.66,0.49-0.83). All biomarkers were correlated with ALT (K18 r = 0.68, miR-122 r = 0.67, GLDH r = 0.60). To assess sensitivity, biomarker performance was analyzed on the visit preceding peak ALT (mean 3 days earlier). K18 identified the subsequent ALT increase (K18 ROC-AUC = 0.70, 0.59-0.80; miR-122 ROC-AUC = 0.60,0.49-0.72, ALT ROC-AUC = 0.59,0.48-0.70; GLDH ROC-AUC = 0.70,0.50-0.90). Variability was lowest for ALT and K18. In conclusion, K18 was more sensitive than ALT, miR-122 or GLDH and has potential significant utility in the early identification of DILI in trials and clinical practice.
Keywords: DILI; diagnosis; glutamate dehydrogenase; keratin-18; liver; microRNA.
© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Toxicology.