A decade of neonatal sepsis in Stockholm, Sweden: Gram-positive pathogens were four times as common as Gram-negatives

Frida Oldendorff; Viveka Nordberg; Christian G Giske; Lars Navér

doi:10.1007/s10096-024-04809-8

A decade of neonatal sepsis in Stockholm, Sweden: Gram-positive pathogens were four times as common as Gram-negatives

Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2024 Mar 22. doi: 10.1007/s10096-024-04809-8. Online ahead of print.

Authors

Frida Oldendorff^{1

2}, Viveka Nordberg^{3

4}, Christian G Giske^{5

6}, Lars Navér^{3

4}

Affiliations

¹ Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. frida.oldendorff@ki.se.
² Department of Clinical Science Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Division of Pediatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. frida.oldendorff@ki.se.
³ Department of Neonatology, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁴ Department of Clinical Science Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Division of Pediatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁵ Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁶ Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.

PMID: 38517573
DOI: 10.1007/s10096-024-04809-8

Abstract

Purpose: To assess Gram-positive bacterial (GPB) bloodstream infection (BSI) in neonates, covering incidence, morbidity, mortality, antimicrobial resistance patterns and biomarkers in Region Stockholm, Sweden between 2006 and 2016.

Methods: A population-based retrospective epidemiological study including infants with GPB-BSI, admitted to the neonatal units at Karolinska University Hospital (KUH). Data were collected from patient records, the Swedish Neonatal Quality Register, the microbiological laboratory at KUH and the Swedish Public Health Agency.

Results: We identified 357 infants with GPB-BSI, representing an incidence of 1.47/1000 live births (LB). Group B streptococcus (GBS) was the most common pathogen causing BSI in full-term infants and early-onset sepsis (EOS) (0.20/1000 LB), while coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) were predominant in infants born very preterm and in late-onset sepsis (LOS) (0.79/1000 LB). There were no fatal GBS BSI cases, but 10.2% developed meningitis. The GPB case fatality rate was 9.5% and the sepsis fatality rate 2.8%. In GPB-BSI, 1/10 did not have an elevated C-reactive protein level. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) BSI increased during the study period, but no methicillin or vancomycin resistant strains were found. The antimicrobial resistance (AMR) rate was highest in CoNS isolates.

Conclusion: GPB-BSI was four times more common than Gram-negative BSI in neonates but resulted in lower mortality rate. GBS was the most common pathogen in full-term infants and in EOS. CoNS was the most common pathogen in LOS and infants born very preterm, and the AMR rate was high in these isolates. The increasing trend of S. aureus BSI indicates a need of further investigation.

Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus; Coagulase-negative staphylococci; Gram-positive; Group B streptococcus; Neonatal; Sepsis.