Post-translational modifications of beta-amyloid alter its transport in the blood-brain barrier in vitro model

Abstract

One of the hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the accumulation of beta-amyloid peptide (Aβ) leading to formation of soluble neurotoxic Aβ oligomers and insoluble amyloid plaques in various parts of the brain. Aβ undergoes post-translational modifications that alter its pathogenic properties. Aβ is produced not only in brain, but also in the peripheral tissues. Such Aβ, including its post-translationally modified forms, can enter the brain from circulation by binding to RAGE and contribute to the pathology of AD. However, the transport of modified forms of Aβ across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) has not been investigated. Here, we used a transwell BBB model as a controlled environment for permeability studies. We found that Aβ₄₂ containing isomerized Asp7 residue (iso-Aβ₄₂) and Aβ₄₂ containing phosphorylated Ser8 residue (pS8-Aβ₄₂) crossed the BBB better than unmodified Aβ₄₂, which correlated with different contribution of endocytosis mechanisms to the transport of these isoforms. Using microscale thermophoresis, we observed that RAGE binds to iso-Aβ₄₂ an order of magnitude weaker than to Aβ₄₂. Thus, post-translational modifications of Aβ increase the rate of its transport across the BBB and modify the mechanisms of the transport, which may be important for AD pathology and treatment.

Keywords: Alzheimer's disease; beta-amyloid; blood-brain barrier; caveolin-dependent endocytosis; clathrin-dependent endocytosis; post-translational modifications; rage.