Exploring the Differential Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation: A Comparative Analysis of Motor Cortex and Cerebellar Stimulation

Qurat Ul-Ain; Saad Ilyas; Hamid Ali; Ijaz Ali; Riaz Ullah; Hafsah Arshad; Sana Khalid; Muhammad Ehab Azim; Tian Liu; Jue Wang

doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26838

Exploring the Differential Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation: A Comparative Analysis of Motor Cortex and Cerebellar Stimulation

Heliyon. 2024 Feb 23;10(6):e26838. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26838. eCollection 2024 Mar 30.

Authors

Qurat Ul-Ain^{1

2

3}, Saad Ilyas⁴, Hamid Ali⁵, Ijaz Ali⁶, Riaz Ullah⁷, Hafsah Arshad⁸, Sana Khalid⁹, Muhammad Ehab Azim⁹, Tian Liu^{1

2

3}, Jue Wang^{1

2

3}

Affiliations

¹ The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Health and Rehabilitation Science, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China.
² National Engineering Research Center for Healthcare Devices Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China.
³ The Key Laboratory of Neuro-informatics & Rehabilitation Engineering of Ministry of Civil Affairs Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
⁴ Faculty of Computing, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
⁵ Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan.
⁶ Centre for Applied Mathematics and Bioinformatics, Gulf University for Science and Technology, Hawally, Kuwait.
⁷ Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
⁸ Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Ibadat International University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
⁹ Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Foundation University Islamabad, Pakistan.

Abstract

Background: Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique. Constant electric current is passed through the patient's scalp with the aim of modulating cortical excitability. Stroke is a cerebrovascular disease characterized by hemorrhage or cerebral ischemia. This systematic review and meta-analysis are aimed at comparing the efficacy of motor cortex stimulation with that of cerebellar stimulation by using transcranial direct current stimulation.

Method: Google Scholar, PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane CENTRAL, and Physiotherapy Evidence Database (Pedro) databases were searched for studies. The extracted qualitative data was synthesized systematically. Cochrane RevMan software was used to conduct a meta-analysis of quantitative data. The fixed effects mean difference of the collected data was calculated at a 95% confidence interval (CI) for the changes in balance and side effects.

Results: This research included 10 articles with seven studies assessing changes in balance (outcome measured in CoP and FMA scores) and side effects (tingling and itching were the most prevalent). There was no significant difference between the efficacy levels of m1-tDCS versus ctDCS (P = 0.18), m1-tDCS versus sham (P = 0.92), and ctDCS versus sham (P = 0.19). Itching and tingling sensation were the most common and were significantly prevalent in sham interventions (P < 0.00001).

Conclusion: We found that motor cortex and cerebellar stimulations are both effective in improving motor function in stroke patients. There are no adverse effects to using the interventions besides mild itching and tingling experienced during the stimulation.

Keywords: Cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) motor cortex cerebellar-transcranial direct current stimulation; Transcranial direct current stimulation.