Physical Activity-Induced Modification of the Association of Long-Term Air Pollution Exposure with the Risk of Depression in Older Adults

Abstract

Purpose: Evidence suggests that long-term air pollution exposures may induce depression; however, the influence of physical activity on this effect is unclear. We investigated modification of the associations between air pollution exposures and depression by the intensity of physical activity.

Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study included 1454 Korean adults. Depression was defined as a Geriatric Depression Scale score ≥8. Concentrations of particulate matter (PM₁₀ and PM_2.5: diameter ≤10 µm and ≤2.5 µm, respectively) and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) level at each participant's residential address were estimated. Based on metabolic equivalents, physical activity intensity was categorized as inactive, minimally active, or health-enhancing physical activity (HEPA).

Results: Each 1-part per billion (ppb) NO₂ concentration increase was significantly associated with a 6% [95% confidence interval (CI), 4%-8%] increase in depression risk. In older adults (≥65 years), a 1-ppb NO₂ increase was associated (95% CI) with a 4% (1%-7%), 9% (5%-13%), and 21% (9%-33%) increase in depression risk in the inactive, minimally active, and HEPA groups, respectively. Compared with the inactive group, the minimally active (p=0.039) and HEPA groups (p=0.004) had higher NO₂ exposure-associated depression risk. Associations of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 with depression did not significantly differ by the intensity of physical activity.

Conclusion: We suggest that older adults who vigorously exercise outdoors may be susceptible to air pollution-related depression.

Keywords: Air pollution; depression; exercise intensity; nitrogen dioxide; particulate matter; physical activity.