Today, American consumers believe they need more and better nutrients than their diets provide. Consequently, consumers spend approximately three billion dollars each year on vitamin and nutrition products. Vitamin and/or mineral supplements are relatively inexpensive and available without a prescription; therefore, it is understandable that they are used by a substantial portion of the population. However, the last 50 years have witnessed a steadily increasing understanding of vitamins and trace mineral biochemistry and its role in human nutrition and intermediary metabolism. It has not been shown conclusively that normal breastfed infants of well nourished mothers need any specific vitamin and mineral supplements, with the exception of iron and fluoride. The use of vitamin D supplements remains controversial. Preterm infants may require supplements of vitamin E, iron, and folic acid because of their rapid rate of growth and less complete, intestinal absorption.