Frankincense-Based Functionalized Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes with Iron Oxide Composites for Efficient Removal of Crystal Violet: Kinetic and Equilibrium Analysis

Mushtaq Hussain; Syed Sulaiman Hussaini; Mohammad Shariq; Najla AlMasoud; Ghadah Abdulrahman AlZaidy; Khaled F Hassan; Syed Kashif Ali; Rehab E Azooz; Mohd Asim Siddiqui; Kondaiah Seku

doi:10.1021/acsomega.3c08011

Frankincense-Based Functionalized Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes with Iron Oxide Composites for Efficient Removal of Crystal Violet: Kinetic and Equilibrium Analysis

ACS Omega. 2024 Feb 28;9(10):11459-11470. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.3c08011. eCollection 2024 Mar 12.

Affiliations

¹ Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Technology, University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Shinas 324, Oman.
² Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Integral University, Lucknow 226026, India.
³ Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia.
⁴ Department of Physics, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, AlZahir Branch, Makkah 24383, Saudi Arabia.
⁵ Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia.

Abstract

In this study, novel adsorbents were developed by functionalizing multiwalled carbon nanotubes with frankincense (Fr-fMWCNT) and adding iron oxide (Fe₃O₄) to the adsorbent (Fr-fMWCNT-Fe₃O₄). The morphology, surface characteristics, and chemical nature of the synthesized samples were analyzed by using various characterization techniques. The prepared adsorbents were then applied for the elimination of the toxic dye, crystal violet (CV), from water-based solutions by employing a batch adsorption method. The effectiveness of materials for the adsorption of CV was investigated by tuning various effective experimental parameters (adsorbent dosage, dye quantity, pH, and contact time). In order to derive adsorption isotherms, the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models were investigated and compared. The Fr-fMWCNT and Fr-fMWCNT-Fe₃O₄ were found to remove 85 and 95% of the CV dye within 30 min of the adsorption experiment at pH 6, respectively. It was found that a pseudo-second-order reaction rate was consistent with the experimental adsorption kinetics. The equilibrium data demonstrated that the Langmuir model adequately explained the adsorption behavior of the CV dye on the Fr-fMWCNT and Fr-fMWCNT-Fe₃O₄ surfaces, respectively. According to the Langmuir study, the highest adsorption capacities of the dye are 434 mg/g for Fr-fMWCNT and 500 mg/g for Fr-fMWCNT-Fe₃O₄. Remediation of the CV dye using our novel composite materials has not been reported previously in the literature. The synthesized Fr-fMWCNT and Fr-fMWCNT-Fe₃O₄ adsorbents can be economical and green materials for the adsorptive elimination of CV dye from wastewater.