Hemodynamic, ventilatory and gas exchange responses to exercise using a cycle ergometer and the incremental shuttle walk test in pregnant women

Abstract

Background: Cardiovascular disease, including hypertension, in pregnant women is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally. The development of reference intervals for cardiovascular responses using exercising testing to measure oxygen utilisation (V̇O₂) with cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET), and distances walked using the incremental shuttle walk test (ISWT), may be promising methods to assess and stratify pregnant women regarding their risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, to encourage exercise during pregnancy, and to improve exercise prescriptions during pregnancy. We aimed to determine the reference intervals for V̇O₂ at rest, anaerobic threshold (AT), and submaximal exercise using CPET, and the reference interval for the ISWT, to develop a correlation equitation that predicts submaximal V̇O₂ from the distance walked in the ISWT, and to explore the relationship between hemoglobin (Hb) and ferritin concentration and V̇O₂ at AT in women in second trimester.

Methods: After prospective IRB approval (HREC 15/23) and clinical trials registration (ANZCTR ACTRN12615000964516), and informed written consent, we conducted CPET and the ISWT according to international guidelines in a university associated tertiary referral obstetric and adult medicine hospital, in healthy pregnant women in second trimester (14 to 27 gestational weeks). Hemoglobin and ferritin concentrations were recorded from pathology results in the participants' medical records at the time of exercise testing. Adverse events were recorded.

Results: About 90 participants undertook CPET, 28 of which also completed the ISWT. The mean ± SD age and body mass index (BMI) were 32 ± 3.2 years, and 25 ± 2.7 kg/m². Median (IQR) gestation was 23 (22-24) weeks. One in 4 women were 24 weeks or greater gestation. The reference intervals for V̇O₂ at rest, AT, and submaximal exercise were 2.9 to 5.3, 8.1 to 20.7, and 14.1 to 30.5 mL/kg/min respectively. The reference interval for the ISWT was 218 to 1058 meters. The correlation equation to predict submaximal V̇O₂ from the distance walked in the ISWT was submaximal V̇O₂ (mL/kg/min) = 0.012*distance walked in ISWT (m) + 14.7 (95%CI slope 0.005-0.070, Pearson r = 0.5426 95%CI 0.2126-0.7615, P = .0029). Hemoglobin concentration was positively correlated with V̇O₂ at AT (AT V̇O₂ (mL/kg/min) = 0.08*Hb (g/L) + 4.9 (95%CI slope 0.0791-0.143, Pearson r = 0.2538 95%CI 0.049-0.438, P = .016). There was no linear association between ferritin and submaximal V̇O₂ (Pearson r = 0.431 P = .697). There were no maternal or fetal complications.

Conclusions: CPET and ISWT are safe and feasible in women in second trimester including those at or beyond 24 weeks gestation. We have established the reference interval for V̇O₂ at rest, AT, and submaximal exercise by CPET, the reference interval for the distance walked for the ISWT, and a correlation equation to predict submaximal V̇O₂ for use in clinical practice and research. Hemoglobin rather than ferritin is likely correlated with exercise capacity in pregnancy suggesting vigilance to correct lower hemoglobin levels may positively impact maternal health.

Clinical trials registry: The study was prospectively registered with the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Date of registration - 15/9/2015; Date of initial participant enrolment - 4/11/2015; Clinical trial identification number; ACTRN12615000964516; URL of the registration site - https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=369216.