Penetration rates into the stratum corneum layer: A novel quantitative indicator for assessing skin barrier function

Abstract

Background: The stratum corneum (SC), the outermost layer of the skin epidermis, acts as an effective bi-directional barrier, preventing water loss (inside-outside barrier) and entry of foreign substances (outside-inside barrier). Although transepidermal water loss (TEWL) is a widely-used measure of barrier function, it represents only inside-outside protection. Therefore, we aimed to establish a non-invasive method for quantitative evaluation of the outside-inside barrier function and visually present a skin barrier model.

Materials and methods: Skin barrier damage was induced by applying a closed patch of 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate to the forearms of eight participants; they were instructed to apply a barrier cream on a designated damaged area twice daily for 5 days. The SC barrier was evaluated by measuring TEWL and fluorescein sodium salt penetration rate before, immediately after, and 5 days after damage. The penetration rate was assessed using tape-stripping (TS) technique and fluorescence microscopy.

Results: The rates of fluorescein sodium salt penetration into the lower layers of SC differed significantly based on the degree of skin barrier damage. The correlation between penetration rate and TEWL was weak after two rounds of TS and became stronger after subsequent rounds. Five days after skin barrier damage, the penetration rate of all layers differed significantly between areas with and without the barrier cream application.

Conclusion: Our findings demonstrated that the penetration rate was dependent on skin barrier conditions. The penetration rate and corresponding fluorescence images are suitable quantitative indicators that can visually represent skin barrier conditions.

Keywords: fluorescence microscope; skin barrier; stratum corneum; tape-stripping; transepidermal water loss; visualization.