Carbocationoids, a concept for controlling highly reactive cationic species

Abstract

Carbocations, which are positively charged highly electrophilic intermediates, are efficacious for the direct alkylation of low-reactive nucleophiles. The utilization of carbocations in S_N1 reactions relies on the activation of their precursors in the presence of a nucleophile. However, undesirable interactions between the nucleophile and the leaving group activator limit the scope of acceptable nucleophiles. Here we report a strategy to conduct S_N1 reactions involving unstable carbocations in an alternative stepwise procedure, which was demonstrated by the benzylation of various neutral nucleophiles. In the first step, carbocations were accumulated in a nucleophile-free solution in the form of carbocationoids utilizing the coordinative stabilization of triazinediones. Subsequently, the addition of these solutions in the second step enabled room-temperature alkylation without the need for acidic additives. This methodology overcomes the inherent challenges of carbocations in S_N1 reactions.