Purpose: To investigate the biocompatibility of silver nanoparticle (AgNP)-doped Ti-6Al-4V surfaces by evaluating the viability and proliferation rate of human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs)-as the dominant cells of peri-implant soft tissues-seeded on the modified surfaces.
Materials and methods: AgNPs (sizes 8 nm and 30 nm) were incorporated onto Ti-6Al-4V specimen surfaces via electrochemical deposition, using colloid silver dispersions with increasing AgNP concentrations of 100 ppm, 200 ppm, and 300 ppm. One control and six experimental groups were included in the study: (1) control (Ti-6Al-4V), (2) 8 nm/100 ppm, (3) 8 nm/200 ppm, (4) 8 nm/300 ppm, (5) 30 nm/100 ppm, (6) 30 nm/200 ppm, and (7) 30 nm/300 ppm. HGF cell primary cultures were isolated from periodontally healthy donor patients and cultured in direct contact with the group specimens for 24 and 72 hours. The cytotoxicity of AgNP-doped Ti-6Al-4V specimens toward HGF was assessed by the MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) and BrdU (5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine) assay tests. Calcein AM and ethidium homodimer (EthD-1) fluorescent stains were used to determine the live and dead cells. The morphology and attachment properties of the HGFs were determined via scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Results: Energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) analysis confirmed the presence of AgNPs on the specimens. The MTT test revealed that AgNPs of both sizes and all concentrations presented a decreased cellular metabolic activity compared to the control discs. All concentrations of both sizes of AgNPs affected the cell proliferation rate compared to the control group, as revealed by the BrdU assay. Overall, cytotoxicity of the modified Ti-6Al-4V surfaces depended on cell exposure time. Observation via confocal microscopy confirmed the results of the MTT and BrdU assay tests. Specifically, most cells remained alive throughout the 72-hour culture period. SEM images revealed that adjacent cells form bonds with each other, creating confluent layers of conjugated cells.
Conclusions: The findings of the present study indicate that Ti-6Al-4V surfaces modified with 8 nm and 30 nm AgNPs at concentrations of 100 ppm, 200 ppm, and 300 ppm do not produce any serious cytotoxicity toward HGFs. The initial arrest of the HGF proliferation rate recovered at 72 hours. These results on the antibacterial activity against common periodontal pathogens, in combination with the results found in a previous study by the same research group, suggest that AgNP-doped Ti-6Al-4V surfaces are potential candidates for use in implant abutments for preventing peri-implant diseases.
Keywords: biocompatibility; dental implants; gingival fibroblasts; peri-implant disease; silver nanoparticles; soft tissue inflammation.