Background: The association between ambient air temperature and mortality has not been assessed in Norway. This study aimed to quantify for seven Norwegian cities (Oslo, Bergen, Stavanger, Drammen, Fredrikstad, Trondheim and Tromsø) the non-accidental, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases mortality burden due to non-optimal ambient temperatures.
Methods: We used a historical daily dataset (1996-2018) to perform city-specific analyses with a distributed lag non-linear model with 14 days of lag, and pooled results in a multivariate meta-regression. We calculated attributable deaths for heat and cold, defined as days with temperatures above and below the city-specific optimum temperature. We further divided temperatures into moderate and extreme using cut-offs at the 1st and 99th percentiles.
Results: We observed that 5.3% (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.0-8.3) of the non-accidental related deaths, 11.8% (95% CI 6.4-16.4) of the cardiovascular and 5.9% (95% CI -4.0 to 14.3) of the respiratory were attributable to non-optimal temperatures. Notable variations were found between cities and subgroups stratified by sex and age. The mortality burden related to cold dominated in all three health outcomes (5.1%, 2.0-8.1, 11.4%, 6.0-15.4, and 5.1%, -5.5 to 13.8 respectively). Heat had a more pronounced effect on the burden of respiratory deaths (0.9%, 0.2-1.0). Extreme cold accounted for 0.2% of non-accidental deaths and 0.3% of cardiovascular and respiratory deaths, while extreme heat contributed to 0.2% of non-accidental and to 0.3% of respiratory deaths.
Conclusions: Most of the burden could be attributed to the contribution of moderate cold. This evidence has significant implications for enhancing public-health policies to better address health consequences in the Norwegian setting.
Keywords: Climate; Norway; cardiovascular disease; cold temperature; heat temperatures; mortality; mortality risk assessment; respiratory disease mortality.