This article reports changes in tobacco and vaping consumption in France over the last thirty years and the issues they raise for public authorities in terms of prevention and management of the social and health consequences. This report is the result of a joint analysis by Santé publique France (SpF) and the French Monitoring Center for Drugs and Drug Addiction (OFDT). It shows that there has been a "generational shift" in tobacco consumption and social representations of cigarettes since the mid-2010s, with a sharp decline in tobacco initiation among adolescents, which has become less common and reported at an older age, which was one of the objectives of the national tobacco reduction plans. However, smoking remains fairly stable among adults, predominantly among men, with gaps between men and women persisting since the early 2000s. Beyond the gender gap, social disparities in consumption remain significant, both among youth and adults. However, while the prevalence of smoking is no longer increasing, the prevalence of vaping is rising, which is a public health concern since some of these practices involve nicotine consumption. This also entails the risk of a "renormalization" of the act of smoking, a matter of concern for health authorities in France as in other European countries. The analysis concludes that the statistical information system and qualitative surveys need to be adapted to ensure a reliable monitoring of the situation, taking into account the rapid transformations of the market.