Any Infant Formula Amount, but Not Infant Formula Type, Is Associated with Less Healthful Subsequent Beverage Intake among Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children-Participating Children

Christopher E Anderson; Michael I Goran; Shannon E Whaley

doi:10.1016/j.cdnut.2024.102094

Any Infant Formula Amount, but Not Infant Formula Type, Is Associated with Less Healthful Subsequent Beverage Intake among Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children-Participating Children

Curr Dev Nutr. 2024 Feb 3;8(3):102094. doi: 10.1016/j.cdnut.2024.102094. eCollection 2024 Mar.

Authors

Christopher E Anderson¹, Michael I Goran², Shannon E Whaley¹

Affiliations

¹ Division of Research and Evaluation, Public Health Foundation Enterprises (PHFE) WIC, a program of Heluna Health, City of Industry, CA, United States.
² Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.

Abstract

Background: The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) provides nutrition assistance to low-income households, including infant formula for infants not fully breastfeeding. Issuance of lactose-reduced infant formula made with corn syrup solids (CSSF) is associated with elevated risk of obesity in early life, but associations between formula type and dietary intake have not been examined.

Objectives: To evaluate associations between infant formula (amount and type) issued by WIC with subsequent child diet at ages 12-59 mo.

Methods: Dietary data from 2014, 2017, and 2020 Los Angeles County WIC Survey respondents (n = 1339 children, 12-59 mo of age) were merged with WIC administrative data on infant feeding (amount and type of infant formula at ages 0-12 mo). Intake frequencies were available for sweetened beverages, sweets, juice, fast food, water, fruit, vegetables, and milk. Infant feeding was categorized by amount of WIC-issued formula (descending: fully formula fed, mostly formula fed, mostly breastfed, fully breastfed) and issuance of a CSSF (any, none). Associations between infant feeding (infant formula amount and type) and child diet were evaluated in multivariable generalized estimating equation negative binomial regression models, stratified by child age (12 to <24 mo, 24 to <60 mo).

Results: Any infant formula issuance in the first year of life was adversely associated with subsequent dietary intake. This included 21%-23% higher 100% juice intake at 24 to <60 mo and 11%-13% (at 24 to <60 mo) or 20%-22% (at 12 to <24 mo) lower water intake. CSSF receipt compared with only other infant formula was not consistently associated with subsequent child diet.

Conclusions: Any infant formula amount, but not CSSF receipt compared with other formula types, was associated with less healthful beverage intake patterns among WIC-participating children. WIC nutrition education may have a stronger impact if tailored based on infant feeding practices.

Keywords: WIC; child diet; infant formula; juice; lactose-reduced infant formula made with corn syrup solids; water.