The prevalence of bilateral hearing loss in the United States in 2019: a small area estimation modelling approach for obtaining national, state, and county level estimates by demographic subgroup

David B Rein; Carolina Franco; Nicholas S Reed; Evan R Herring-Nathan; Phoebe A Lamuda; Katelin M Alfaro Hudak; Wen Hu; Alex J Hartzman; Karl R White; John S Wittenborn

doi:10.1016/j.lana.2023.100670

The prevalence of bilateral hearing loss in the United States in 2019: a small area estimation modelling approach for obtaining national, state, and county level estimates by demographic subgroup

Lancet Reg Health Am. 2024 Jan 24:30:100670. doi: 10.1016/j.lana.2023.100670. eCollection 2024 Feb.

Affiliations

¹ NORC @ the University of Chicago, 55 East Monroe St. 30th Floor, Chicago, IL, 60603, USA.
² Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe St. W6508, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
³ Utah State University, 2615 Old Main Hill, ECERC 302, Logan, UT, 84322, USA.

Abstract

Background: The goal of this study was to re-estimate rates of bilateral hearing loss Nationally, and create new estimates of hearing loss prevalence at the U.S. State and County levels.

Methods: We developed small area estimation models of mild, and moderate or worse bilateral hearing loss in the U.S. using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2001-2012, 2015-2018), the American Community Survey (2019), Census County Business Patterns (2019); Social Security Administration Data (2019); Medicare Fee-for-Service and Advantage claims data (2019); the Area Health Resources File (2019), and other sources. We defined hearing loss as mild (>25 dB through 40 dB), moderate or worse (>40 dB), or any (>25 dB) in the better hearing ear based on a 4-frequency pure-tone-average threshold, and created estimates by age group (0-4, 5-17, 18-34, 35-64, 65-74, 75+), gender, race and ethnicity, state, and county.

Findings: We estimated that 37.9 million (95% Uncertainty Interval [U.I.] 36.6-39.1) Americans experienced any bilateral hearing loss; 24.9 million (95% U.I. 23.6-26.0) with mild and 13.0 million (95% U.I. 12.1-13.9) with moderate or worse. The prevalence rate of any hearing loss was 11.6% (95% U.I. 11.2%-12.0%). Hearing loss increased with age. Men were more likely to have hearing loss than women after age 35, and non-Hispanic Whites had higher rates of hearing loss than other races and ethnicities. Higher hearing loss prevalence was associated with smaller population size. West Virginia, Alaska, Wyoming, Oklahoma, and Arkansas had the highest standardised rate of bilateral hearing loss, and Washington D.C., New Jersey, New York, Maryland, and Connecticut had the lowest.

Interpretation: Bilateral Hearing loss varies by State and County, with variation associated with population age, race and ethnicity, and population size. Geographic estimates can be used to raise local awareness of hearing loss as a problem, to prioritize areas for hearing loss prevention, identification, and treatment, and to guide future research on the hearing loss risk factors that contribute to these differences.

Funding: CDC's National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Population Health.

Keywords: Audiology; Hearing; Otolaryngology; Prevalence; Public health, hearing loss, deaf; Small area estimation; Surveillance.