Correlation between whole salivary prostaglandin E2 and hemoglobin A1c levels among type-2 diabetic and non-diabetic patients with periodontal inflammation

Marwa Y Shaheen; Amani M Basudan; Abeer S Alzawawi; Fatemah Al-Ahmari; Hajer A Aldulaijan; Nouf Alshibani; Rakan Saifuddin Shaheen; Reem Al-Kattan

doi:10.1186/s12903-024-04032-z

Correlation between whole salivary prostaglandin E₂ and hemoglobin A1c levels among type-2 diabetic and non-diabetic patients with periodontal inflammation

BMC Oral Health. 2024 Feb 23;24(1):266. doi: 10.1186/s12903-024-04032-z.

Authors

Marwa Y Shaheen¹, Amani M Basudan², Abeer S Alzawawi², Fatemah Al-Ahmari², Hajer A Aldulaijan², Nouf Alshibani², Rakan Saifuddin Shaheen³, Reem Al-Kattan²

Affiliations

¹ Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11545, Saudi Arabia. mashaheen@ksu.edu.sa.
² Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11545, Saudi Arabia.
³ Periodontics Division, Department of Preventive Dentistry, College of Medicine and Dentistry, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Abstract

Background: It is hypothesized that whole salivary prostaglandin E₂ (PgE₂) levels are higher in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus (type-2 DM) than non-diabetic individuals with periodontal inflammation; and that whole salivary expression of PgE₂ is correlated with hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) levels. The aim of the present study was to compare whole salivary PgE₂ levels among patients with type-2 DM and non-diabetic individuals with periodontal inflammation.

Methods: Sociodemographic data, duration since the diagnosis and management of type-2 DM, most recent hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c level), and any familial history of DM was retrieved from patient's healthcare records. Participants were divided into four groups: Group-1: type-2 diabetics with periodontal inflammation; Group-2: type-2 diabetics without periodontal inflammation; Group-3: non-diabetics with periodontal inflammation; and Group-4: non-diabetics without periodontal inflammation. Plaque and gingival indices (PI and GI), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment loss (CAL) and marginal bone loss (MBL) were measured. Unstimulated whole saliva samples were collected and PgE₂ levels were measured. Group-comparisons were done and P < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Results: One-hundred-sixty individuals were included. Mean HbA1c levels were higher in Group-1 than groups 2 (P < 0.05), 3 (P < 0.05) and 4 (P < 0.05). The PI (P < 0.05), GI (P < 0.05) and PD (P < 0.05) were higher in Group-1 than groups 2 and 4. The CAL was higher in Group-1 than groups 2 (P < 0.05) and 3 (P < 0.05). The PD (P < 0.05), PI (P < 0.05) and GI (P < 0.05) were higher in Group-3 than Group-4. The MBL was higher in Group-1 than groups 2 (P < 0.05), 3 (P < 0.05) and 4 (P < 0.05). The PgE₂ levels were higher in Group-1 than groups 2 (P < 0.05), 3 (P < 0.05) and 4 (P < 0.05).

Conclusion: Hyperglycemia in patients with type-2 DM is associated with increased expression of whole salivary PgE2 levels and worsened periodontal inflammation compared with individuals with well-controlled type-2 DM and non-diabetic individuals.

Keywords: Alveolar bone loss; Hemoglobin A1c; Periodontal inflammation; Prostaglandin E2; Type-2 diabetes mellitus; Unstimulated whole saliva.

MeSH terms

Dental Plaque Index
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2* / complications
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2* / metabolism
Gingiva / metabolism
Glycated Hemoglobin
Humans
Inflammation*
Prostaglandins

Substances

Glycated Hemoglobin
Prostaglandins