A delicate balance between photon absorption for vision and the protection of photoreceptors from light damage is pivotal for ocular health. This equilibrium is governed by the light-absorbing 11-cis-retinylidene chromophore of visual pigments, which, upon bleaching, transforms into all-trans-retinal and undergoes regeneration through an enzymatic pathway, named the visual cycle. Chemical side reactions of retinaldehyde during the recycling process can generate by-products that may result in a depletion of retinoids. In our study, we have clarified the crucial roles played by melanin pigmentation and the retinoid transporter STRA6 in preventing this loss and preserving the integrity of the visual cycle. Our experiments initially confirmed that consecutive green and blue light bleaching of isolated bovine rhodopsin produced 9-cis and 13-cis retinal. The same unusual retinoids were found in the retinas of mice exposed to intense light, with elevated concentrations observed in albino mice. Examining the metabolic fate of these visual cycle byproducts revealed that 9-cis-retinal, but not 13-cis-retinal, was recycled back to all-trans-retinal through an intermediate called isorhodopsin. However, investigations in Stra6 knockout mice unveiled that the generation of these visual cycle byproducts correlated with a light-induced loss of ocular retinoids and visual impairment. Collectively, our findings uncover important novel aspects of visual cycle dynamics, with implications for ocular health and photoreceptor integrity.
Keywords: metabolism; photoreceptors; retinal pigment epithelium; retinoids; vision.
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