Patterns of regional cerebral hypoperfusion in early Parkinson's disease: Clinical implications

Abstract

Introduction: This study aimed to investigate whether regional cerebral perfusion patterns on early-phase ¹⁸F-FP-CIT PET scans, which is typically coupled to cerebral metabolism, predict the long-term prognosis of Parkinson's disease (PD).

Methods: We enrolled 397 drug-naïve patients with early-stage PD who underwent dual-phase ¹⁸F-FP-CIT PET scans. After quantifying the early-phase ¹⁸F-FP-CIT PET images, cluster analysis was performed to delineate the PD subtypes according to the patterns of regional cerebral perfusion. We compared the risk of developing levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID), wearing-off, freezing of gait (FOG), and dementia between the PD subtypes.

Results: Cluster analysis classified patients into three subtypes: cluster 1 (relatively preserved cortical uptake; n = 175), cluster 2 (decreased uptake in the frontal, parietal, and temporal regions; n = 151), and cluster 3 (decreased uptake in more extensive regions, additionally involving the lateral occipital regions; n = 71). Cluster 1 was characterized by a younger age-of-onset, less severe motor deficits, less severely decreased ¹⁸F-FP-CIT binding in the caudate, and better cognitive performance. Cluster 3 was characterized by an older age-of-onset, more severe motor deficits, and poorer cognitive performance. Cluster 2 was intermediate between clusters 1 and 3. Cox regression analyses demonstrated that clusters 2 and 3 had a higher risk for dementia conversion than cluster 1, whereas the risk for developing LID, wearing-off, and FOG did not differ among the clusters.

Conclusion: The patterns of regional cerebral perfusion can provide information on long-term prognosis with regards to cognitive, but not motor aspects of patients with early-stage PD.

Keywords: (18)F-FP-CIT PET; Cerebral perfusion; Cluster analysis; Dementia; Parkinson's disease.