HSK3486 Inhibits Colorectal Cancer Growth by Promoting Oxidative Stress and ATPase Inhibitory Factor 1 Activation

Abstract

Background: HSK3486 (ciprofol), a new candidate drug similar to propofol, exerts sedative and hypnotic effects through gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors; however, its potential role in colorectal cancer is currently unknown.

Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of HSK3486 on colorectal cancer cell proliferation.

Methods: Imaging was performed to detect reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial membrane potential. Western blotting was used to determine the expression of target signals. The HSK3486 molecular mechanism was investigated through ATPase inhibitory factor 1 knockdown and xenograft model experiments to assess mitochondrial function in colorectal cancer cells.

Results: Cell Counting Kit-8 and Annexin V/propidium iodide double staining assays showed that HSK3486 inhibited colorectal cancer cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, HSK3486 treatment increased the expression of B-cell lymphoma-2-associated X, cleaved caspase 3, and cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, whereas myeloid cell leukemia-1 and B-cell lymphoma 2 expression decreased. HSK3486 promoted mitochondrial dysfunction by inducing ATPase inhibitor factor 1 expression. Furthermore, HSK3486 promoted oxidative stress, as shown by the increase in reactive oxygen species and lactate dehydrogenase levels, along with a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP levels. ATPase inhibitor factor 1 small interfering RNA pretreatment dramatically increased the mitochondrial membrane potential and tumor size in a xenograft model following exposure to HSK3486.

Conclusion: Collectively, our findings revealed that HSK3486 induces oxidative stress, resulting in colorectal cancer cell apoptosis, making it a potential candidate therapeutic strategy for colorectal cancer.

Keywords: ATPIF1; Anesthesia; Apoptosis; Colorectal cancer; GABA receptor agonist; Oxidative stress.