Biogenic Salvia species synthesized silver nanoparticles with catalytic, sensing, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties

Sana Ihsan; Hajera Gul; Nargis Jamila; Naeem Khan; Riaz Ullah; Ahmed Bari; Tan Wen Nee; Joon Ho Hwang; Rehana Masood

doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25814

Biogenic Salvia species synthesized silver nanoparticles with catalytic, sensing, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties

Heliyon. 2024 Feb 6;10(4):e25814. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25814. eCollection 2024 Feb 29.

Authors

Sana Ihsan¹, Hajera Gul¹, Nargis Jamila¹, Naeem Khan², Riaz Ullah³, Ahmed Bari⁴, Tan Wen Nee⁵, Joon Ho Hwang⁶, Rehana Masood⁷

Affiliations

¹ Department of Chemistry, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University, Peshawar, 25000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
² Department of Chemistry, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, 26000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
³ Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
⁴ Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
⁵ Chemistry Section, School of Distance Education, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
⁶ Nanobio Research Center, Jeonnam Bioindustry Foundation (JBF), Jangsung-gun, Jeollanam-do, 57248, South Korea.
⁷ Department of Biochemistry, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University, Peshawar, 25000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

Abstract

Salvia (Lamiaceae family) is used as a brain tonic to improve cognitive function. The species including S. plebeia and S. moorcroftiana are locally used to cure hepatitis, cough, tumours, hemorrhoids, diarrhoea, common cold, flu, and asthma. To the best of authors' knowledge, no previous study has been conducted on synthesis of S. plebeia and S. moorcroftiana silver nanoparticles (SPAgNPs and SMAgNPs). The study was aimed to synthesize AgNPs from the subject species aqueous and ethanol extracts, and assess catalytic potential in degradation of standard and extracted (from yums, candies, and snacks) dyes, nitrophenols, and antibiotics. The study also aimed at AgNPs as probe in sensing metalloids and heavy metal ions including Pb²⁺, Cu²⁺, Fe³⁺, Ni²⁺, and Zn²⁺. From the results, it was found that Salvia aqueous extract afforded stable AgNPs in 1:9 and 1:15 (quantity of aqueous extract and silver nitrate solution concentration) whereas ethanol extract yielded AgNPs in 1:10 (quantity of ethanol extract and silver nitrate solution concentration) reacted in sunlight. The size of SPAgNPs and SMAgNPs determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were 21.7 nm and 19.9 nm, with spherical, cylindrical, and deep hollow morphology. The synthesized AgNPs demonstrated significant potential as catalyst in dyes; Congo red (85 %), methylene blue (75 %), Rhodamine B (<50 %), nitrophenols; ortho-nitrophenol (95-98 %) and para-nitrophenol (95-98 %), dyes extracted from food samples including yums, candies, and snacks. The antibiotics (amoxicillin, doxycycline, levofloxacin) degraded up to 80 %-95 % degradation. Furthermore, the synthesized AgNPs as probe in sensing of Pb²⁺, Cu²⁺, and Fe³⁺ in Kabul river water, due to agglomeration, caused a significant decrease and bathochromic shift of SPR band (430 nm) when analyzed after 30 min. The Pb²⁺ ions was comparatively more agglomerated and chelated. Thus, the practical applicability of AgNPs in Pb²⁺ sensing was significant. Based on the results of this research study, the synthesized AgNPs could provide promising efficiency in wastewater treatment containing organic dyes, antibiotics, and heavy metals.

Keywords: Antibiotics; Heavy metals; S. moorcroftiana; S. plebeia; Silver nanoparticles; Snacks.