Co-Delivery of Naringin and Ciprofloxacin by Oleic Acid Lipid Core Encapsulated in Carboxymethyl Chitosan/Alginate Nanoparticle Composite for Enhanced Antimicrobial Activity

Tahani M Almeleebia; Md Habban Akhter; Habibullah Khalilullah; Mohammad Akhlaquer Rahman; Sarfaraz Ahmad; Nawazish Alam; Md Sajid Ali; Gyas Khan; Ibrahim Mufadhi M Alanazi; Naiyer Shahzad; Amnah Alalmaie

doi:10.1021/acsomega.3c08200

Co-Delivery of Naringin and Ciprofloxacin by Oleic Acid Lipid Core Encapsulated in Carboxymethyl Chitosan/Alginate Nanoparticle Composite for Enhanced Antimicrobial Activity

ACS Omega. 2024 Feb 2;9(6):6845-6860. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.3c08200. eCollection 2024 Feb 13.

Affiliations

¹ Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia.
² Faculty of Pharmacy, DIT University, Dehradun 248001, India.
³ Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah 51911, Saudi Arabia.
⁴ Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia.
⁵ Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 114, Saudi Arabia.
⁶ Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia.
⁷ Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia.
⁸ Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21421, Saudi Arabia.
⁹ Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 62529, Abha61421, Saudi Arabia.

Abstract

A novel combination of antibiotic, ciprofloxacin (CIP) with herbal counterpart naringin (NAR) was encapsulated by an oleic acid lipid core and carboxymethyl chitosan (CM-CS)/Alginate (AG) nanoparticle composite (CIP + NAR-CM-CS/AG-NPs) for improved antimicrobial efficacy of antibiotic. Herein, this study explored the design and preparation of a composite system that enables to deliver both CIP and NAR from the oleic acid lipid core of CM-CS/AG nanoparticles using a nonsolvent ionic gelation technique. The nanoparticles (NPs) were fabricated with improved long-acting antimicrobial activity against E. coli and S. aureus. The optimized composition was investigated for physicochemical properties particle size, particle distribution, and ζ-potential. A diverse array of analytical tools was employed to characterize the optimized formulation including DSC, XRD, Malvern Zetasizer for particle size, ζ-potential, TEM, and SEM. Further, the preparation was investigated for % drug release, flux determination, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activity. The formulation stability was tested for 90 days and also evaluated formulation stability in fetal bovine serum to inspect the modification in physicochemical characteristics. NPs size was determined at 85 nm, PDI, and ζ-potential was recorded at 0.318, and 0.7 ± 0.4 mV. The % CIP and NAR entrapment efficiency and % loading were incurred as 91 ± 1.9, and 89.5 ± 1.2; 11.5 ± 0.6, and 10.8 ± 0.5%, respectively. The drug release erupted in the beginning phase followed by sustained and prolonged release for 48 h. The analytical experiments by DSC ensured the noninteracting and safe use of excipients in combination. X-ray studies demonstrated the amorphous state of the drug in the formulation. The insignificant alteration of formulation characteristics in FBS suggested stable and robust preparation. Storage stability of the developed formulation ensured consistent and uniform stability for three months. The DPPH assays demonstrated that NAR had good antioxidant capacity and supported improving antimicrobial activity of CIP. The hemolytic test suggested the developed formulation was compatible and caused insignificant RBC destruction. The in-house built formulation CIP + NAR-CM-CS/AG-NPs significantly improved the antimicrobial activity compared to CIP alone, offering a novel choice in antimicrobial application.