Modifiable and Non-Modifiable Risk Factors for Premature Coronary Heart Disease (PCHD): Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Adeel Khoja; Prabha H Andraweera; Zohra S Lassi; Zahra A Padhani; Anna Ali; Mingyue Zheng; Maleesa M Pathirana; Emily Aldridge; Melanie R Wittwer; Debajyoti D Chaudhuri; Rosanna Tavella; Margaret A Arstall

doi:10.1016/j.hlc.2023.12.012

Modifiable and Non-Modifiable Risk Factors for Premature Coronary Heart Disease (PCHD): Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Heart Lung Circ. 2024 Mar;33(3):265-280. doi: 10.1016/j.hlc.2023.12.012. Epub 2024 Feb 16.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; The Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Cardiology Unit, Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, SA, Australia. Electronic address: adeel.khoja@adelaide.edu.au.
² Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; The Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Cardiology Unit, Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
³ The Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; School of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
⁴ Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; The Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
⁵ Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; School of Health and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
⁶ Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Cardiology Unit, Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
⁷ Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Cardiology, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
⁸ Cardiology Unit, Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Medical Specialties, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.

PMID: 38365496
DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2023.12.012

Abstract

Aim: We aimed to compare the prevalence of modifiable and non-modifiable coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors among those with premature CHD and healthy individuals.

Methods: PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, and Web of Science databases were searched (review protocol is registered in PROSPERO CRD42020173216). The quality of studies was assessed using the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute tool for cross-sectional, cohort and case-control studies. Meta-analyses were performed using Review Manager 5.3. Effect sizes for categorical and continuous variables, odds ratio (OR) and mean differences (MD)/standardised mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were reported.

Results: A total of n=208 primary studies were included in this review. Individuals presenting with premature CHD (PCHD, age ≤65 years) had higher mean body mass index (MD 0.54 kg/m², 95% CI 0.24, 0.83), total cholesterol (SMD 0.27, 95% CI 0.17, 0.38), triglycerides (SMD 0.50, 95% CI 0.41, 0.60) and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (SMD 0.79, 95% CI: -0.91, -0.68) compared with healthy individuals. Individuals presenting with PCHD were more likely to be smokers (OR 2.88, 95% CI 2.51, 3.31), consumed excessive alcohol (OR 1.40, 95% CI 1.05, 1.86), had higher mean lipoprotein (a) levels (SMD 0.41, 95% CI 0.28, 0.54), and had a positive family history of CHD (OR 3.65, 95% CI 2.87, 4.66) compared with healthy individuals. Also, they were more likely to be obese (OR 1.59, 95% CI 1.32, 1.91), and to have had dyslipidaemia (OR 2.74, 95% CI 2.18, 3.45), hypertension (OR 2.80, 95% CI 2.28, 3.45), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (OR 2.93, 95% CI 2.50, 3.45) compared with healthy individuals.

Conclusion: This meta-analysis confirms current knowledge of risk factors for PCHD, and identifying these early may reduce CHD in young adults.

Keywords: Coronary heart disease; Early-onset; Healthy controls; High-income countries; Low–middle-income countries; Premature; Risk factors.

Publication types

Meta-Analysis
Systematic Review
Review

MeSH terms

Aged
Cholesterol
Coronary Artery Disease*
Cross-Sectional Studies
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2*
Humans
Risk Factors

Substances

Cholesterol