Cross-regulation of cytoskeleton and calcium signaling at plant-pathogen interface

Abstract

During plant-pathogen interactions, cytoskeleton and calcium signaling work independently as well as in coordination with each other for developing preformed and induced defense responses. A cell wall (CW) - plasma membrane (PM) - cytoskeleton (CS) continuum is maintained by coordination of cytoskeleton and calcium signaling. The current review is focused on the current knowledge of cytoskeleton‑calcium cross-regulation during plant-pathogen interactions. Implications of recent technological developments in the existing toolkit that can address the outstanding questions of cytoskeleton‑calcium coordination plant immunity are also discussed.

Keywords: Actin cytoskeleton; CW-PM-CS continuum; Calcium sensors; Cytoskeleton mediated plant immunity; Effector-calmodulin interactions; Microtubule cytoskeleton.