Impact of extreme weather events on mental health in South and Southeast Asia: A two decades of systematic review of observational studies

Muhammad Mainuddin Patwary; Mondira Bardhan; Md Atiqul Haque; Syed Moniruzzaman; Johanna Gustavsson; Md Maruf Haque Khan; Jenni Koivisto; Marium Salwa; Saidur Rahman Mashreky; A K M Fazlur Rahman; Anika Tasnim; Md Redwanul Islam; Md Ashraful Alam; Mahadi Hasan; Md Abdullah Yousuf Al Harun; Lars Nyberg; Md Atikul Islam

doi:10.1016/j.envres.2024.118436

Impact of extreme weather events on mental health in South and Southeast Asia: A two decades of systematic review of observational studies

Environ Res. 2024 Feb 12:250:118436. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118436. Online ahead of print.

Authors

Muhammad Mainuddin Patwary¹, Mondira Bardhan², Md Atiqul Haque³, Syed Moniruzzaman⁴, Johanna Gustavsson⁵, Md Maruf Haque Khan⁶, Jenni Koivisto⁷, Marium Salwa⁶, Saidur Rahman Mashreky⁸, A K M Fazlur Rahman⁹, Anika Tasnim⁶, Md Redwanul Islam⁶, Md Ashraful Alam¹⁰, Mahadi Hasan¹, Md Abdullah Yousuf Al Harun¹, Lars Nyberg⁷, Md Atikul Islam¹¹

Affiliations

¹ Environmental Science Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, 9208, Bangladesh.
² Environmental Science Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, 9208, Bangladesh; Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism Management, Clemson University, USA.
³ Department of Public Health and Informatics, Bangabandhu Shiekh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Center for Societal Risk Research (CSR), Karlstad University, Sweden. Electronic address: atiqulm26@bsmmu.edu.bd.
⁴ Department of Political, Historical and Cultural Studies, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden; Center for Societal Risk Research (CSR), Karlstad University, Sweden. Electronic address: syed.moniruzzaman@kau.se.
⁵ Department of Political, Historical and Cultural Studies, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden; Center for Societal Risk Research (CSR), Karlstad University, Sweden.
⁶ Department of Public Health and Informatics, Bangabandhu Shiekh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
⁷ Department of Political, Historical and Cultural Studies, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden; Center for Societal Risk Research (CSR), Karlstad University, Sweden; Centre of Natural Hazards and Disaster Science (CNDS), c/o Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, UPPSALA, Sweden.
⁸ Centre for Injury Prevention and Research, (CIPRB), Bangladesh; Department of Public Health, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
⁹ Center for Societal Risk Research (CSR), Karlstad University, Sweden; Centre for Injury Prevention and Research, (CIPRB), Bangladesh.
¹⁰ Department of Computational Diagnostic Radiology and Preventive, Medicine, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
¹¹ Environmental Science Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, 9208, Bangladesh; Center for Societal Risk Research (CSR), Karlstad University, Sweden. Electronic address: atik@es.ku.ac.bd.

PMID: 38354890
DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118436

Abstract

Extreme weather events in South and Southeast Asia exert profound psychosocial impacts, amplifying the prevalence of mental illness. Despite their substantial consequences, there is a dearth of research and representation in the current literature. We conducted a systematic review of observational studies published between January 1, 2000, and January 20, 2024, to examine the impact of extreme weather events on the mental health of the South and Southeast Asian population. Quality assessment of the included studies was conducted using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) quality appraisal checklist. The search retrieved 70 studies that met the inclusion criteria and were included in our review. Most were from India (n = 22), and most used a cross-sectional study design (n = 55). Poor mental health outcomes were associated with six types of extreme weather events: floods, storm surges, typhoons, cyclones, extreme heat, and riverbank erosion. Most studies (n = 41) reported short-term outcome measurements. Findings included outcomes with predictable symptomatology, including post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety, general psychological distress, emotional distress and suicide. Limited studies on long-term effects showed higher mental disorders after floods and typhoons, while cyclone-exposed individuals had more short-term distress. Notably, the review identified over 50 risk factors influencing mental health outcomes, categorized into six classes: demographic, economic, health, disaster exposure, psychological, and community factors. However, the quantitative evidence linking extreme weather events to mental health was limited due to a lack of longitudinal data, lack of control groups, and the absence of objective exposure measurements. The review found some compelling evidence linking extreme weather events to adverse mental health in the South and Southeast Asia region. Future research should focus on longitudinal study design to identify the specific stressors and climatic factors influencing the relationship between climate extremes and mental health in this region.

Keywords: Climate change; Extreme weather events; Mental health; Natural disaster; PTSD; South and southeast asia.

Publication types

Review