Batteries or hydrogen or both for grid electricity storage upon full electrification of 145 countries with wind-water-solar?

Mark Z Jacobson

doi:10.1016/j.isci.2024.108988

Batteries or hydrogen or both for grid electricity storage upon full electrification of 145 countries with wind-water-solar?

iScience. 2024 Jan 23;27(2):108988. doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.108988. eCollection 2024 Feb 16.

Author

Mark Z Jacobson¹

Affiliation

¹ Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-4020, USA.

Abstract

Grids require electricity storage. Two emerging storage technologies are battery storage (BS) and green hydrogen storage (GHS) (hydrogen produced and compressed with clean-renewable electricity, stored, then returned to electricity with a fuel cell). An important question is whether GHS alone decreases system cost versus BS alone or BS + GHS. Here, energy costs are modeled in 145 countries grouped into 24 regions. Existing conventional hydropower (CH) storage is used along with new BS and/or GHS. A method is developed to treat CH for both baseload and peaking power. In four regions, only CH is needed. In five, CH + BS is the lowest cost. Otherwise, CH + BS + GHS is the lowest cost. CH + GHS is never the lowest cost. A metric helps estimate whether combining GHS with BS reduces cost. In most regions, merging (versus separating) grid and non-grid hydrogen infrastructure reduces cost. In sum, worldwide grid stability may be possible with CH + BS or CH + BS + GHS. Results are subject to uncertainties.

Keywords: Energy Modelling; Energy management; Energy policy; Engineering.