Due to the rising incidence of antibiotic-resistant infections, the last-line antibiotics, polymyxins, have resurged in the clinics in parallel with new bacterial strategies of escape. The Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa develops resistance to colistin/polymyxin B by distinct molecular mechanisms, mostly through modification of the lipid A component of the LPS by proteins encoded within the arnBCDATEF-ugd (arn) operon. In this work, we characterized a polymyxin-induced operon named mipBA, present in P. aeruginosa strains devoid of the arn operon. We showed that mipBA is activated by the ParR/ParS two-component regulatory system in response to polymyxins. Structural modeling revealed that MipA folds as an outer-membrane β-barrel, harboring an internal negatively charged channel, able to host a polymyxin molecule, while the lipoprotein MipB adopts a β-lactamase fold with two additional C-terminal domains. Experimental work confirmed that MipA and MipB localize to the bacterial envelope, and they co-purify in vitro. Nano differential scanning fluorimetry showed that polymyxins stabilized MipA in a specific and dose-dependent manner. Mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics on P. aeruginosa membranes demonstrated that ∆mipBA synthesized fourfold less MexXY-OprA proteins in response to polymyxin B compared to the wild-type strain. The decrease was a direct consequence of impaired transcriptional activation of the mex operon operated by ParR/ParS. We propose MipA/MipB to act as membrane (co)sensors working in concert to activate ParS histidine kinase and help the bacterium to cope with polymyxin-mediated envelope stress through synthesis of the efflux pump, MexXY-OprA.IMPORTANCEDue to the emergence of multidrug-resistant isolates, antibiotic options may be limited to polymyxins to eradicate Gram-negative infections. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a leading opportunistic pathogen, has the ability to develop resistance to these cationic lipopeptides by modifying its lipopolysaccharide through proteins encoded within the arn operon. Herein, we describe a sub-group of P. aeruginosa strains lacking the arn operon yet exhibiting adaptability to polymyxins. Exposition to sub-lethal polymyxin concentrations induced the expression and production of two envelope-associated proteins. Among those, MipA, an outer-membrane barrel, is able to specifically bind polymyxins with an affinity in the 10-µM range. Using membrane proteomics and phenotypic assays, we showed that MipA and MipB participate in the adaptive response to polymyxins via ParR/ParS regulatory signaling. We propose a new model wherein the MipA-MipB module functions as a novel polymyxin sensing mechanism.
Keywords: MexXY-OprA; ParR/ParS; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; antibiotic resistance; arn; nano-DSF; polymyxin; proteomics; signal transduction; two-component system.