Valuation of EQ-5D-5L in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A National Representative Study

Ahmed Al-Jedai; Hajer Almudaiheem; Tareq Al-Salamah; Muath Aldosari; Abdulaali R Almutairi; Yasser Almogbel; Yazed AlRuthia; Abdullah U Althemery; Mohammed Alluhidan; Bram Roudijk; Fredrick Dermawan Purba; Nancy Awad; Rita O'jeil

doi:10.1016/j.jval.2024.01.017

Valuation of EQ-5D-5L in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A National Representative Study

Value Health. 2024 Feb 9:S1098-3015(24)00047-0. doi: 10.1016/j.jval.2024.01.017. Online ahead of print.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Alfaisal University Alfaisal University, Colleges of Medicine and Pharmacy, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Therapeutics Affairs, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: ahaljedai@moh.gov.sa.
² Drug Policy and Regulation Department, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
³ College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland Medical Centre, Baltimore, MD, USA.
⁴ King Saud University College of Dentistry, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Oral Health Policy and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
⁵ Drug sector, Saudi Food Drug Authority, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
⁶ Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia.
⁷ Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Pharmacoeconomics Research Unit, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
⁸ Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia.
⁹ Health economics unit, Saudi health council, Saudi Arabia.
¹⁰ EuroQol Research Foundation, Marten Meesweg 107, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
¹¹ Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, Indonesia.
¹² IQVIA, Saudi Arabia.

PMID: 38342365
DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2024.01.017

Abstract

Objectives: To estimate a Saudi-specific value set for the EQ-5D-5L questionnaire using the EuroQol Valuation Technology program and the EuroQol Group's standard protocol.

Methods: Participants were quota-sampled from the Saudi adult population based on residency location, age group, gender, education level, and employment status. The participants were guided through the completion of composite time trade-off (cTTO) and discrete choice experiment (DCE) tasks by trained interviewers using EuroQol Valuation Technology software. Quality control (QC) measures were used to ensure good data quality. Random intercept and Tobit models analyzed the cTTO data, as well as models correcting for heteroskedasticity. DCE data were analyzed using conditional logit models, whereas hybrid models were used to analyze the cTTO and DCE data jointly. To evaluate model performance, prediction accuracy, logical consistency, significance level, and goodness of fit were used.

Results: The valuation study included a representative sample of the Saudi population (N = 1000). The hybrid heteroskedastic model without a constant was chosen as the preferred model for generating the value set. The predicted values ranged from -0.683 for the worst health state ("55555") to 1 for the full health state ("11111"). Pain and discomfort had the largest impact on health-state preference values, whereas usual activities had the least.

Conclusion: The value set for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is the first value set for the EQ-5D-5L for any country in the Middle East. The value set can be used in Saudi health system economic evaluations and decision making.

Keywords: EQ-5D; EQ-5D-5L; Saudi health; health status; health-related quality of life; quality of life; value set.