Construction of p-n-p nano heterojunction through coupling La2O3, (BiO)2CO3 and Ag3PO4 for effective photocatalytic degradation of doxycycline: Insights into mechanism, pathway and intermediate toxicity evaluation

P R Sivaranjani; V Subhiksha; Mohammad K Okla; B Janani; Mostafa A Abdel-Maksoud; Saud S Al-Amri; Ibrahim A Alaraidh; Abdulrahman A Alatar; S Sudheer Khan

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123521

Construction of p-n-p nano heterojunction through coupling La₂O₃, (BiO)₂CO₃ and Ag₃PO₄ for effective photocatalytic degradation of doxycycline: Insights into mechanism, pathway and intermediate toxicity evaluation

Environ Pollut. 2024 Mar 15:345:123521. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123521. Epub 2024 Feb 6.

Authors

P R Sivaranjani¹, V Subhiksha¹, Mohammad K Okla², B Janani³, Mostafa A Abdel-Maksoud², Saud S Al-Amri², Ibrahim A Alaraidh², Abdulrahman A Alatar², S Sudheer Khan⁴

Affiliations

¹ Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam, Tamil Nadu, India.
² Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
³ Nano-imaging and Spectroscopy Laboratory, Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, ON, L1G 0C5, Canada.
⁴ Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, 600077, Tamil Nadu, India. Electronic address: sudheerkhans.sdc@saveetha.com.

PMID: 38331239
DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123521

Abstract

The present work is centred around the development of La₂O₃/(BiO)₂CO₃/Ag₃PO₄ (LBA), a p-n-p nano-heterojunction to photodegrade doxycycline under visible light irradiation. Here, ultrasonication assisted co-precipitation method was employed to synthesize the photocatalyst. The photocatalyst was characterized using different analysis such as SEM, TEM, elemental mapping, XRD, XPS, FTIR, Raman, BET, DRS, PL and EIS which confirmed the successful fabrication of LBA and their excellent ability to refrain the e^-/h⁺ recombination owing to the construction of the heterojunction. LBA was found to degrade DOX by 91.75 % with the high mineralization of 87.23%. The impact of the reaction parameters influencing the photodegradation process including the concentration of the NCs and DOX, pH and the influence of the commonly present anions were studied. The stability and reusability of the LBA was assessed through subjecting it to four cycles of photodegradation of DOX. In addition, the recovered LBA was characterized through XPS and XRD analysis to confirm the particles stability and reusability. The active participation of the photogenerated charges and the reactive oxygen species were identified through the scavenging assay and ESR analysis. Further, GC-MS/MS analysis was performed to put forward a plausible photodegradation pathway. The toxicity of the end products as well as the intermediates was predicted through ECOSAR software.

Keywords: Doxycycline; La(2)O(3)/Ag(3)PO(4); Photocatalysis; Refrained charge recombination; p-n-p nano-heterojunction.

MeSH terms

Biological Assay
Doxycycline*
Lanthanum
Light
Oxides*
Tandem Mass Spectrometry*

Substances

Doxycycline
lanthanum oxide
Lanthanum
Oxides