Visually induced symptoms questionnaire (VISQ): A subjective evaluation method for biomedical effects induced by stereoscopic 3D video

Hiroshi Watanabe; Tzu-Yang Wang; Hiroshi Ando; Haruki Mizushina; Toshiya Morita; Masaki Emoto; Toyohiko Hatada; Takehiko Bando; Hiroyasu Ujike

doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2024.104238

Visually induced symptoms questionnaire (VISQ): A subjective evaluation method for biomedical effects induced by stereoscopic 3D video

Appl Ergon. 2024 May:117:104238. doi: 10.1016/j.apergo.2024.104238. Epub 2024 Feb 4.

Authors

Hiroshi Watanabe¹, Tzu-Yang Wang², Hiroshi Ando³, Haruki Mizushina⁴, Toshiya Morita⁵, Masaki Emoto⁶, Toyohiko Hatada⁷, Takehiko Bando⁸, Hiroyasu Ujike⁹

Affiliations

¹ National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan. Electronic address: h.watanabe@aist.go.jp.
² National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan; Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi City, Ishikawa, 923-1292, Japan.
³ National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, 3-5 Hikaridai, Seika-cho Soraku-gun, Kyoto, 619-0289, Japan.
⁴ Tokushima University, 2-1 Minamijosanjima, Tokushima City, Tokushima, 770-8506, Japan.
⁵ NHK Engineering System, 1-10-11 Kinuta, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 157-8510, Japan.
⁶ Okayama University of Science, 1-1, Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama City, Okayama, 700-0005, Japan.
⁷ Tokyo Polytechnic University, 5-45-1 Iiyamaminami, Atsugi City, Kanagawa, 243-0297, Japan.
⁸ Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi 2-no-cho, Nishi-ku, Niigata City, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan.
⁹ National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan; Tokyo Information Design University, 2-7-1 Komatsugawa, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo, 132-0034, Japan.

PMID: 38316071
DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2024.104238

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to establish an easy-to-use questionnaire for subjective evaluations of visually induced motion sickness (VIMS) and visual fatigue caused by stereoscopic 3D (s3D) images. We reviewed previously used questionnaires and extracted 51 important subjective evaluation items from them. We then recruited 251 participants to observe 3D images designed to easily induce sickness or visual fatigue, and we asked them to respond to the 51 items. As a result of exploratory factor analysis, four factors were extracted according to their factor loadings, and the number of items was reduced to 21. Further processing by confirmatory factor analysis led to the selection of 15 items. Comparing mean ratings for each factor before and after item reduction indicated that item reduction did not significantly affect the participant responses. Therefore, the 15-item Visually Induced Symptoms Questionnaire (VISQ), can be used to evaluate VIMS and s3D visual fatigue.

Keywords: Questionnaire development; Visual fatigue; Visually induced motion sickness.

MeSH terms

Asthenopia* / etiology
Humans
Imaging, Three-Dimensional
Motion Sickness* / etiology
Surveys and Questionnaires